THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

LOS  ANGELES 


B.  0.  BAKE* 
LAWYER 

IUJLUS,T£Ui 


SCIENTIFIC 

SHORTHAND 

A  SYSTEM 

BASED  UPON  THE   PITMANIC  ALPHABET, 

WITH  CONNECTIBLE  AND  DISCONNECT- 
IBLE  VOWEL  STROKES 


ITS  CONSONANT  OUTLINES  ARE 
CONSTRUCTED  SO  AS  TO  LOCATE 
THE  EXACT  POSITION  OF  EVERY 
SOUNDED  VOWEL  IN  EVERY  WORD 


SPECIALLY  ADAPTED  TO  PROFESSIONAL  REPORTING 


PUBLISHED  BY  THE 

CATON  COLLEGE  COMPANY, 

MINNEAPOLIS,  MINN. 


Copyrighted,  1900. 

by 
THOMAS  JASPAR  CATON. 


s 
/?  oo 


INTRODUCTION. 


SCIENTIFIC  SHORTHAND   constructs  its  consonant  out- 
lines so   as  to  locate  exactly  the  positions  occupied  by  the 
unrepresented  vowel  sounds.     This  is  the  distinctive  feature 
of  the  work,  and  justifies  its  publication,  and  ought  to  se- 
cure its  introduction  into   every  shorthand  school  in  the  English- 
speaking  world  ;  providing,  -the  other  essential  features  of  a  repor- 
torial  system  of  shorthand,  namely,  brevity,  facileness,  and  ease  of 
acquisition  have  not  been  sacrificed,  to  secure  the  extreme  legibil- 
ity possessed  solely  by  this  work.     That  such  sacrifice  is  not  made 
is  shown  by  the  following  statement  of  facts. 

THE  PARENT  SOURCE  OF  ALL  STANDARD  SYSTEMS.      THEIR  MERITS, 
AND  THEIR  ONE  GREAT  DEFECT. 

• 

The  only  systems  of  shorthand  that  have  proved  adequate  to 

K       the  task  of  rapid  verbatim  reporting  are  those  based  upon  the  al- 

ui       phabet  and  principles  of  the  Isaac  Pitman  system.     A  vast  number 

of  such  systems  are  now  published  over  the  names  of  various  com- 

pilers.    The  best  known  of  such  works  are  the  Benn  Pitman,  the 

Graham,  the  Munson,  the  Barnes,  the  IxHigley,  the  Osgoodby,  and 

•£      the  Day  compilations.     These  systems   do    not   differ    materially 

from  one  another,  or  from  the  parent  source  —  the  works  of  Sir  Isaac 

Pitman.     They  all  have  been   found  capable  of  the  highest  neces- 

*      sary  speed   in   reporting;    they  all  have  proved  equally  difficult  to 

acquire  ;  and  they  all  are  equally  illegible.     Their   authors    admit 

their  great  defect,  illegibility,  but  excuse  the  defect  on  the  ground 

^     that  it  is  impossible  to  secure  greater  legibility,  and  maintain  bre- 

vity and  facileness  sufficient  to  meet  the  demands  required  in  rapid 

P     reporting. 

COMPARATIVE   BREVITY. 

Scientific  Shorthand  claims  the  right  to  supplant  all  other  sys- 
tems, because  its  brevity  in  writing  is  equal  to  that  of  the  briefest 
of  systems.  In  fact,  fully  nine  -tenths  of  all  words  employ  exactly 
the  same  strokes  and  characters  in  this  work,  as  are  used  by  other 


448346 


SCIENTIFIC  SHORTHAND. 


standard  systems.  Of  the  remaining  words,  some  are  written  more 
briefly  by  Scientific  Shorthand,  and  some  not  quite  so  briefly  as  by 
the  systems  above  named.  However,  on  account  of  the  simplicity 
with  which  Position  is  utilized,  all  classes  of  words  can  be  written 
much  more  rapidly  by  Scientific  Shorthand  than  by  any  other 
system. 

USES  OF  POSITION.      COMPARATIVE  SPEED. 

Scientific  Shorthand  writes  words  beginning  with  consonant 
strokes  in  Second  Position,  the  initial  stroke  determining  position 
for  the  entire  outline.  Fully  four-  fifths  of  all  words  are  written 
upon  the  line,  the  most  natural  position  in  which  to  write  them. 
Words  beginning  with  short  vowel  sounds  are  written  in  Third 
Position  ;  and  words  beginning  with  long  vowel  sounds  are  written 
in  First  Position,  and  the  initial  vowel  definitely  expressed.  Such 
uses  of  position  enable  the  writer  to  begin  the  construction  of  his 
outline  as  soon  as  the  initial  syllable  of  any  word  is  uttered.  It 
enables  him,  also,  to  concentrate  his  entire  mentality  upon  the 
construction  of  the  outline.  Other  systems  require  of  the  writer, 
that  he  hear  the  entire  word  spoken,  determine  which  one  of  its 
vowels  is  the  accented  one,  which  one  of  its  consonants  is  ex- 
pressed by  a  perpendicular  or  inclined  stroke,  if  any  of  them;  and 
then  construct  his  outline  with  reference  to  the  ruled  line  so  that 
the  initial  perpendicular  or  inclined  stroke  will  fall  in  the  position 
to  which  the  author  of  the  work  has  assigned  the  accented  vowel. 
The  mental  analysis  thus'  required  retards  speed  in  writing  at  from 
25  to  40  per  cent,  as  compared  with  the  time  required  by  Scientific 
Shorthand  to  locate  each  word  in  its  proper  position.  In  proof  of 
this  contention,  submit  the  following  test:  Pronounce  any  certain 
number  of  words  to  any  writer,  and  note  the  time  required  to  write 
them,  when  they  are  written  with  the  initial  stroke  upon  the  ruled 
line.  Repronounce  the  same  list  of  words,  requesting  the  writer 
to  place  each  word  in  the  position  demanded  by  the  technical  and 
difficult  rules  of  the  standard  systems.  The  inevitable  result  is  a 
reduction  in  speed  as  above  stated. 

Scientific  Shorthand  utilizes  Position  to  determine  whether  a 
word  begins  with  a  consonant  sound,  with  a  long  vowel  sound,  or 
with  a  short  vowel  sound.  All  words  must  begin  with  either  of 
these  three  sounds.  Therefore,  three  positions  only  are  needed  to 
perform  the  great  work  of  locating  the  initial  vowel  in  every  word 
written,  and  to  inform  the  reader  whether  such  initial  vowel  begins 
the  word,  or  whether  it  occurs  immediately  after  the  initial  conso- 
nant sound,  or  sounds.  The  strokes  and  hooks  that  represent  the 
double  and  triple  consonants,  are  constructed  so  as  to  indicate 
such  consonant  coalescence;  and  the  strokes  that  represent  conso- 


SCIENTIFIC   SHORTHAND. 


nants  that  cannot  coalesce  with  the  sounds  expressed  by  the  initial 
hooks,  are  noted,  and  memorized  by  the  writer.  The  strokes  that 
represent  consonants  that  may  or  that  may  not  coalesce  with  S,  L,, 
and  R,  are  constructed  so  as  to  show  a  vowel  sound  immediately 
after  initial  S,  after  the  double  aud  triple  consonants  beginning 
with  S,  between  the  sound  of  the  stroke  and  the  sound  of  the  ini- 
tial hook,  and  after  the  sound  of  both  stroke  and  hook. 

These  simple  changes  in  thePitmanic  systems,  changes  so  na- 
turally and  so  simply  executed,  enable  the  writer  to  construct  the 
initial  syllable  of  every  word  in  the  language  so  as  to  indicate  the 
exact  order  of  the  spelling  of  each  word  written.  They  give  to  the 
initial  syllables  legibility  simply  incomparably  greater  than  when 
.written  by  any  other  system. 

Scientific  Shorthand  was  completed  to  this  degree  of  perfection 
more  than  ten  years  ago.  The  author  published  a  work  embodying 
these  important  changes,  and  put  the  same  to  the  severest  test  in 
his  school  room.  The  results  proved  most  gratifying,  in  ease  of 
acquisition,  speed,  and  legibility.  Three  years  later  the  work  was 
advanced  so  as  to  locate  the  final  vowel  in  words,  with  the  same 
accuracy  as  the  first  edition  located  the  initial  vowel.  The  author 
was  deeply  aware  of  the  grand  results  sure  to  follow  these  simple 
but  highly  important  innovations.  But  one  thing  was  still  lacking 
to  give  to  the  work  the  beauty,  symmetry,  and  effectiveness  of  a 
completed  whole,  and  that  lack  was  the  inability  to  locate  the  exact 
positions  occupied  by  the  unrepresented  medial  vowel  sounds. 
Both  editions  of  his  work  had  been  copyrighted,  and  their  use  con- 
fined as  exclusively  as  practicable  to  his  own  school  room.  The 
author  believed  that  further  study  and  research  would  enable  him 
to  locate,  from  the  construction  of  his  consonant  outlines,  the  ex- 
act positions  occupied  by  the  medial  vowel  sounds.  In  such  com- 
pleted state,  the  author  thought  best  to  place  the  work  before  the 
public.  After  some  seven  years  of  additional  study  and  research, 
the  author  hit  upon  a  plan,  strikingly  simple,  whereby  every  me- 
dial vowel  is  located,  though  unrepresented  by  any  visible  sign. 
His  feelings  on  this  simple  discovery  were  somewhat  akin  to  those 
of  the  great  astronomer,  who,  after  many  days  of  earnest  waiting 
and  expectation,  beheld  the  far  off  planet,  Neptune,  pass  across 
his  telescopic  vision.  The  author  was  keenly  aware  that  fame  and 
fortune  awaked  him  who  should  first  give  to  thePitmanic  systems, 
with  their  marvelous  swiftness  and  facileness,  the  perpetuity  that 
would  surely  be  theirs,  if  a  plan  could  be  devised  whereby  their 
brief  outlines  could  be  made  to  show  exactly  the  positions  occupied 
by  the  unrepresented  vowel  sounds. 


VI  SCIENTIFIC   SHORTHAND. 

ILLEGIBILITY  OF  OTHER   SYSTEMS,    CAUSES,    AND    HOW    REMEDIED. 

The  illegibility  of  other  standard  systems  is  due  to  the  fact 
that  their  consonant  outlines  do  not  give  the  reader  the  slightest 
clue  as  to  the  positions  occupied  by  the  unrepresented  vowel 
sounds.  The  insertion  of  dots  and  dashes  to  represent  vowel 
sounds  retards  speed  in  writing  to  so  great  an  extent  as  to  make 
their  insertion,  in  rapid  reporting,  impossible;  and,  vowel  repre- 
sentation by  position  is  far  too  indefinite  and  indeterminate  to  af- 
ford the  needed  legibility.  When  the  insertion  of  visible  characters 
to  represent  the  vowels  was  found  impossible  in  rapid  writing,  re- 
sort was  had  to  Position,  in  the  vain  hope  that  vowel  representation 
by  visible  characters  might  be  dispensed  with.  But,  three  posi  - 
tions  could  not  definitely  give  location  to  sixteen  vowel  sounds. 
So,  Position  is  now  used  theoretically  to  locate  the  accented  vowels, 
and  it  has  most  miserably  failed  in  its  purpose.  If  a  word  contain 
but  a  single  stroke,  there  is  nothing  in  the  outline  expressing  the 
consonant  sound  in  the  word,  to  inform  the  reader  whether  it  be- 
gins with  a  vowel  sound  or  with  the  consonant  sound  represented 
by  the  stroke.  There  is  no  way  of  determining,  by  position,  whe- 
ther the  accented  vowel  occurs  before  or  after  the  stroke ;  and  no 
way  of  knowing  which  one  of  many  accented  vowels  may  occur  in 
any  word.  If  a  word  begins  with  any  consonant  stroke  with  which 
the  sound  of  S  coalesces  initially,  as  in  words  beginning  with  Sp, 
spr,  st,  str,  sk,  skr,  si,  sm,  sn,  sw,  squ,  spl,  there  is  nothing  to 
inform  the  reader  whether  a  vowel  occurs  immediately  after  the 
sound  of  S,  after  the  sound  of  the  double  or  triple -consonant  com- 
bination, or  whether  vowels  occur  in  both  places  noted.  There  is 
nothing  in  words  employing  initially  the  strokes  pr,  pi,  br,  bl,  tr, 
dr,  cr,  cl,  gr,  gl,  fr,  fl,  thr,  shr,  to  inform  the  reader  whether 
vowel  sounds  occur  before  these  consonants,  between  them,  after 
them,  before  and  between  them,  before  and  after  them,  or  between 
and  after  them,  Thus,  it  is  seen  that  Position,  as  employed  in  the 
systems  first  named,  and  known  as  Standard  Pitmanic  systems,  is 
used  to  locate  the  accented  vowel  in  words,  and  that  such  use  of 
position  does  not  point  out  to  the  reader  the  place  where  such  ac  - 
cented  vowel  occurs  in  any  word,  no  matter  how  simple  the  word 
may  be;  also,  that  such  use  of  Position  does  not  give  to  the  reader 
the  slightest  hint  as  to  the  location  of  any  vowel  in  any  written 
word.  Dots  and  dashes  are  inserted  theoretically  to  express  exact 
vowels;  but,  practically,  their  insertion  is  demanded  most  to  in; 
dicate  the  exact  positions  vowels  occupy.  If  the  reader  of  any  of  the 
standard  Pitmanic  systems  could  not  interpret  any  of  his  outlines 
beginning  with  any  of  above  strokes  representing  double  and 
triple  consonants,  and  he  resorted  to  the  unabridged  dictionary  in 
search  for  the  word  possessing  the  consonants  he  had  written,  but 


SCIENTIFIC   SHORTHAND.  vii 

which  he  could  not  interpret,  he  might  search  first  through  several 
thousand  words  beginning  with  vowels ;  then  through  all  the  words 
beginning  with  the  double  and  triple  consonants;  and,  lastly,  be- 
fore finding  the  word,  among  those  beginning  with  the  stroke  con- 
sonant followed  immediately  by  a  vowel. 

In  such  cases  Scientific  Shorthand  constructs  all  its  outlines  in 
a  manner  that  enables  the  reader  to  turn  almost  to  the  very  page  in 
the  dictionary  where  his  uninterpreted  word  must  be  found.  This 
is  of  the  greatest  advantage  to  the  reader,  and  is  possessed  solely 
by  Scientific  Shorthand. 

METHOD   FOR   LOCATING   MEDIAL  VOWELS. 

Scientific  Shorthand  never  violates  a  rule.  Medial  final  hooks, 
as  N  in  bench,  F  in  deafness,  are  followed  by  consonants,  never 
immediately  by  vowels.  Where  N-hook  cannot  be  employed,  as 
in  the  words  penman,  attainment,  the  stroke  preceding  N  is 
lengthened,  and  dotted  upon  N-hook  side,  to  denote  the  addition 
of  N.  Certain  strokes,  as  T,  D,  Ray,  Hay,  N,  upward  L,  upward 
Sh,  all  coalescent  strokes,  and  some  others,  always  indicate  a  vow- 
el following.  These  strokes  are  lengthened  to  denote  two  succes- 
sive vowels  following,  as  ia  in  diabetes;  co  in  Cleopatra;  io,  final,  in 
braggadocio;  io  in  Diogenes;  ue,  ewey,  in  Dewey;  ae,  ayee,  \npayee, 
etc.  Other  strokes  are  lengthened,  where  they  are  employed  medi- 
ally and  finally,  to  indicate  one  vowel  sound  following.  Thus,  in 
the  word  bricabrac,  the  reader  knows  that  the  word  begins  with 
Br  followed  by  a  vowel,  because  the  coalescent  form  for  Br  is 
used.  That  a  vowel  follows  Br,  is  known,  first,  by  Position,  and 
secondly,  because  a  vowel  always  follows  coalescing  consonants. 
The  stroke  K  is  lengthened  to  indicate  a  vowel  following.  The 
stroke  for  Br  is  repeated,  followed  by  a  normal  length  stroke  K. 
Therefore,  the  reader  knows  that  the  vowels  are  located  exactly 
where  the  dashes  are  inserted  in  br-k-br-k. 

The  words  bark  bark  would  be  expressed  by  writing  the  non- 
coalescent  form  b.r  to  the  normal  length  K,  and  repeating  such 
outline;  presenting  to  the  reader  words  with  consonants  and  vow- 
els related  as  shown  in  b.rk  b.rk. 

In  the  word  European,  the  stroke  representing  the  long  sound 
of  U,  followed  by  stroke  Ray,  and  lengthened  stroke  P  with  final  N 
hook,  gives  the  outline  Ur-p--n,  as  against Rp-n  in  any  other  system. 

In  writing  the  word  Arboriculture  we  express  the  exact  sounds, 
and  locate  the  omitted  short  vowel  sounds,  as  shown  in  Arb.r.k  I 
ch.r.  Other  systems  express  only  rbrklch.r. 

In  writing  the  word  Cleopatra,  Scientific  Shorthand  expresses 
the  consonants  and  vowels  in  the  exact  order  shown  in  Cl--p-tr-, 
as  against  klptr  in  any  other  system  based  upon  Pitmanic  principles. 


Viii  SCIENTIFIC   SHORTHAND. 

Any  writer  or  teacher  of  any  of  the  Pitmanic  systems  will 
readily  grasp  the  few  but  deeply  significant  and  exceedingly  im- 
portant changes  that  have  been  made  in  order  to  perfect  the  great 
and  grand  scheme  of  this  work,  namely,  to  give  the  exact  location 
of  every  omitted  vowel  sound  in  every  word,  without  regard  to  its 
length,  the  number  of  its  sounded  vowels,  or  the  manner  in  which 
they  occur  within  the  word. 

LEGIBILITY  OF   SCIENTIFIC   SHORTHAND. 

In  point  of  legibility,  Scientific  Shorthand  is  incomparably 
superior  to  any  other  system.  In  fact,  it  is  as  legible  as  it  is  pos- 
sible to  write,  unless  the  exact  vowels  are  inserted.  Every  practi- 
cal teacher  and  writer  knows  that  it  is  beyond  the  range  of  possi- 
bility to  give  visible  expression  to  each  of  the  vowel  sounds,  and 
to  each  of  the  consonant  sounds,  at  the  rapidity  with  which  speech 
is  uttered.  Every  practical  teacher  and  writer  knows,  also,  that  it 
is  necessary  to  give  visible  expression  to  the  consonant  sounds  of 
words.  In  rapid  reporting,  then,  the  vowels  must  be  omitted,  at 
least  to  a  large  extent.  Such  are  the  conclusions  of  all  practical 
writers  and  teachers.  Those  who  have  attempted  to  defy  these 
conclusions  have  seen  the  world  pronounce  their  works  impractic- 
able. All  standard  systems  give  visible  expression  to  the  conso- 
nants only,  leaving  to  the  context  the  work  of  supplying  the  inter- 
pretation of  the  words  so  represented.  Their  consonant  outlines 
are  not  constructed  by  any  definite  and  fixed  rules  from  which  the 
reader  may  know  the  exact  positions  occupied  by  the  initial,  the 
medial,  or  the  final  vowels,  in  any  word. 

Since  it  is  found  impossible  to  give  visible  expression  to  the 
vowel  sounds,  the  nearest  approach  to  such  completeness  of  out- 
line, is  the  construction  of  consonant  outlines  of  words  so  as  to 
point  out  to  the  reader  the  exact  location  of  every  unrepresented 
vowel  sound.  This  grand  result  is  for  the  first  time  fully,  simply, 
and  scientifically  accomplished  in  the  pages  of  this  book. 

RULES  RENDERED  WORTHLESS  BY  EXCEPTIONS. 

No  other  system  of  shorthand  gives  a  single  rule  governing  the 
uses  of  the  final  hooks  that  is  not  so  extensively  violated  as  to  ren- 
der the  rule  itself  absolutely  worthless.  There  is  not  a  rule  gov- 
erning the  uses  of  the  upward  and  downward  strokes  for  L,  R,  and 
Sh,  that  is  not  violated.  Thus,  for  illustration,  the  words  army 
and  room  employ  downward  R;  the  words  urge  and  rage  employ 
upward  R;  the  words  Lena,  lion,  and  I  lion  employ  the  N  stroke; 
the  words  deafness  and  defense  employ  the  medial  F  hook.  There- 
fore, the  rule  that  downward  R,  and  L,  used  initially,  indicate  a 
preceding  vowel ;  the  rule  that  upward  R,  and  upward  L,,  indicate 


SCIENTIFIC   SHORTHAND.  IX 

an  initial  vowel  following;  the  rule  that  medial  hooks  are  not  imme- 
diately followed  by  vowel  sounds,  are  one  and  all  set  at  naught,  and 
rendered  unreliable  even  to  worthlessness  to  secure  a  facile  outline. 

DEMONSTRATION  OF  COMPARATIVE  LEGIBILITY,  BREVITY  AND 
FACILENESS. 

That  the  reader  may  more  fully  note  and  understand  the  legi- 
bility of  Scientific  Shorthand ,  we  give  below  a  large  number  of 
words  that  illustrate  its  comparative  legibility,  facileness,  and  brev- 
ity. In  the  first  column,  the  words  which  are  written  in  shorthand 
are  given.  In  the  second  column,  the  shorthand  outline,  and  the 
exact  sounds  expressed,  as  written  by  other  Pitmanic  systems,  is 
given.  In  the  third  column,  we  give  the  Scientific  Shorthand  out- 
line for  the  same  words,  and  immediatly  to  the  right  of  the  outline 
we  give  the  exact  consonants  visibly  expressed,  and  insert  dots 
and  dashes  among  the  letters  visibly  expressed  by  strokes  to  indi- 
cate the  exact  positions  of  the  unrepresented  vowel  sounds.  The 
dot  denotes  the  position  occupied  by  a  short  vowel  sound ;  the 
dashes  denote  the  positions  occupied  by  either  a  long  or  short 
vowel  sound. 

The  author  asks  a  careful  scrutiny  of  these  comparative  illus- 
trations, and  of  what  they  definitely  express.  These  words  have 
been  selected,  not  because  they  are  most  favorable  to  an  exposition 
of  this  work,  but  because  they  illustrate  practically  all  the  points 
of  differentiation  in  the  construction  of  our  outlines  as  compared 
with  the  outlines  of  the  older  Pitmanic  systems.  It  will  be  noted 
that  words  of  as  radically  different  sound,  as  Adam  and  dime,  beat- 
en and  obtain,  sip  and  spy,  asthma  and  assume,  elegy  and  lodge, 
reside  and  residue,  execrate  and  cascaret,  receipt  and  rusty,  action 
and  caution,  army  and  room,  lobe  and  Elba,  lion  and  ulna,  many 
and  amonia,  are  represented  by  the  same  outline,  in  every  one  of 
the  standard  Pitmanic  systems.  Turning  from  this  mass  of  illegi- 
bility to  an  examination  of  the  Scientific  Shorthand  outlines,  we 
find  equal  brevity,  a  logical  and  effective  use  of  Position,  and,  on 
account  of  the  exact  location  of  omitted  vowels  being  pointed  out 
to  the  reader,  a  legibility  that  justifies  our  claim  that  Scientific 
Shorthand  is  incomparably  more  legible  than  any  other  system  of 
shorthand. 

You  cannot  read  djns  for  Diogenes;  mg  for  Omega;  rmnn  for 
Armenian;  w  for  Iowa;  rm  for  roomy ;  dbts  for  diabetes;  dn  for 
Diana;  rp  for  Europe;  m  for  Amie;  n  for  Ina;  shn  for  ocean;  but, 
when  your  outlines  show  you  exactly  where  to  utter  the  unrepre- 
sented vowel  sounds,  as,  D--j-n-s,  Om-g-,  Arm-n--n,  loa,  r-m-, 
d--b-t-s,  D--n-,  Ur-p,Am-,  In-,  osh-n,  you  can  read  your 
shorthand  outlines. 


SCIENTIFIC   SHORTHAND. 


Following  are  the  words  and  their  outlines 

as  above  stated: 

Ruby  

/\  -. 

.Rb  

A 

R-by  

Adam 

u 

.Dm  

u 

Ad-m  

Dummy 

1 

Dm 

1^ 

D-my  

Obtain  

V 

.Btn  

bt-n 

Bitten  

^  .... 

.Btn  

^ 

B-t.n 

Elegy   

n 

-Lj  

<7 

t  . 

Allege  . 

n 

.Li  - 

^j 

l.j     . 

\ 

Spy  

-Sp  

\ 

Sp-  

Sup  

\ 

-Sp  

^ 

Sup  

Dewey  

1 

.D  

1 

D-- 

Payee   

....  \  .... 

.P  

\ 

.....P-- 

Iowa 

"^ 

.W  

^—< 

I-a 

Omega  

^_ 

.Mg.. 

1  

'  Om-g-  

L 

Ocean 

^) 

.Sh-n  

\J 

Oshun  .  . 

A.  B.  Jones  ... 

...  MJ- 

.A.  B.  Jns  

•? 

A.  B.  J-ns  

Vienna.... 

^ 

.Vn  .. 

^ 

.  ....V--n-  ... 

SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


xi 


The  comparative  brevity  and  legibility  of  Scientific  Shorthand 
is  best  shown  in  writing  sentence  matter.  Below  we  give  the  writ- 
ing of  the  first  paragraph  of  this  Introduction,  first  in  the  Munson 
system,  and  secondly,  in  Scientific  Shorthand.  The  Munson 
notes,  with  very  few  modifications,  answer  for  the  Graham,  Pit- 
man, lyongley,  Barnes,  Day  and  other  systems  compiled  from  the 
works  of  Isaac  Pitman. 

First  paragraph  of  this  Introduction  written  in  Munson  short- 
hand: 


The  same  paragraph  written  in  Scientific  Shorthand  : 


A  comparison  of  above  notes,  as  to  brevity  of  outline,  gives  to 
neither  system  any  decided  advantage.  Both  systems  employ  about 
the  same  number  of  strokes,  and  strokes  of  the  same  character  or 
facileness.  But  on  account  of  the  ease  with  which  Scientific  Short- 
hand employs  the  use  of  Position,  its  outlines  can  be  written  much 
more  rapidly  than  the  same  outlines  can  be  written  in  the  Munson 
system.  This  fact  is  set  forth  more  fully  on  page  two  of  this  In- 
troduction. 


Xll  SCIENTIFIC  SHORTHAND. 

In  writing  above  matter,  Scientific  Shorthand  employs  strokes 
that  express  accurate!}'  thirteen  vowel  sounds.  It  requires  the  ex- 
tra formation  of  eleven  strokes  and  six  dots  to  give  visible  expres- 
sion to  these  same  vowels  in  the  Munson  system.  When  they  are 
inserted,  Scientific  Shorthand  possesses  a  decided  advantage  in 
brevity.  The  Scientific  Shorthand  notes,  by  aid  of  position  and 
by  construction,  point  out  to  the  reader  the  exact  location  of  ever}' 
unrepresented  vowel  sound.  The  Munson  outlines  do  not  give  to 
the  reader  the  slightest  hint  as  to  the  positions  occupied  by  the 
unrepresented  vowel  sounds.  To  point  out  the  location  of  such 
unrepresented  vowel  sounds  would  require  the  extra  formation  of 
78  dots  and  55  dashes.  When  such  dots  and  dashes  are  inserted, 
the  Munson  outlines  can  not  be  written  more  than  one -half  as  ra- 
pidly as  Scientific  Shorthand  outlines  can  be  written.  And  if  such 
dots  and  dashes  are  not  inserted,  Scientific  Shorthand  is  simply  in- 
comparably more  legible  than  the  Munson,  Graham,  Pitman  out- 
lines. Take  either  horn  of  this  dilemma  and  progressive  teachers  are 
forced  to  a  recognition  of  the  vast  superiority  of  Scientific  Short- 
hand as  compared  with  the  Munson  system,  or  any  other  system. 

The  Munson  notes  above  written,  including  word -signs,  ex- 
press the  following  consonant  sounds,  and  do  not  indicate  the 
exact  location  of  a  single  vowel  among  such  consonants,  except 
where  shown  by  the  hyphen : 

Sntfk  shrtnd  constrks  ts  consnnt  tins  so  as  to  Ikt  ksktly  the 
ps-tions  kpd  b  the  nrprsnt-d  vl  snds.  Ths  is  the  dstngt-v  ft-r  of 
the  w-rk  and  jstfs  ts  pblksh-n  and  t  to  skr  ts  ntdksh-n  nt  vr 
shrtnd  ski  n  the  nglsh  spkng  w-rld;  prvdng  the  thr  snshl  ft-rs  of 
a  rprtrl  s-sttn  of  shrtnd,  nml  brvt,  fslns  and  z  of  ks-tion  have  nt 
b-n  skrf-st  to  skr  the  kstrm  Igblt  ps-st  si  b  ths  w-rk.  Th-t  s-ch 
skrfs  is  nt  md  is  sh-n  b  the  flng  sttm-nt  of  fks. 

The  Scientific  Shorthand  notes  above  written  express  the  fol- 
lowing consonant  and  vowel  sounds  by  visible  characters,  and  in- 
dicate to  the  reader  that  unrepresented  short  vowel  sounds  occupy 
the  exact  positions  shown 'by  the  dots,  and  that  vowels  that  may 
be  either  long  or  short  occupy  the  exact  positions  shown  by  the 
hyphens  in  the  following  paragraph. 

Sint-f-k  sh.rt-and  constr-kts  its  cons-n-nt  outl-nss-  as  to 
1-kat  ex-ktly  the  p-s-tions  .k-p-d  b-  the  unr-pr-s-nt-d  vowl 
sounds.  Th-s  is  the  d-st-ngt-v  f-ch.r  of  the  w-rk,  and  j-st-f-s 
its  p-bl-k-shun  and  aut  to  s-kur  its  introd-kshun  int-  .vr-  sh.rt- 
nd  sk-1  in  the  .ngl-sh  sp-k.ng  w-rld;  pr-v-d.ng  the  .th.r 
.s-nsh.l  f-ch.rs  of  a  r-p.rt-r--l  s  st-m  of  sh.rt-nd,  n-mly  br-v-t-, 
f-s-ln-s,  and  ez  of  .qu-s-tion  have  n-t  b-n  s.kr-f-st  to  s-kur  the 
extr-m  1-j-b.l-t-  p-s.st  sol-  b-  th-s  w-rk.  Th-t  s.ch  s.kr-f-s  is 
n-t  m-d  is  sh-n  b-  the  f.loing  st-tm-nt  of  f-x. 


SCIENTIFIC   SHORTHAND.  xiii 


EASE  OF  ACQUISITION. 

The  legibility  of  Scientific  Shorthand  renders  unnecessary  a 
vast  amount  of  work  required  by  other  systems.  Scientific  Short- 
hand has  been  put  to  a  severe  test  in  the  Author's  school -rooms, 
and  it  has  been  found  unnecessary  to  require  students  to  spend  any 
considerable  portion  of  their  time  in  the  practice  of  reading  their 
notes.  Nearly  all  their  time  may  be  devoted  to  practice  for 
speed  and  accuracy  in  writing, — the  extreme  legibility  of  the  sys- 
tem being  relied  upon  to  secure  ready  and  accurate  transcription. 

Boards  of  Education  will  find  it  advisable  to  introduce  this 
work  into  the  public  and  high  schools.  Its  study  and  practice 
will  train  and  discipline  the  mind,  enrich  and  greatly  enhance  the 
value  of  public  and  high  school  training. 

The  public  press  will  find  it  feasible,  practicable  and  profitable 
to  publish  a  part  of  their  news  in  Scientific  Shorthand.  The  mani- 
fold uses  to  which  shorthand  is  put  in  the  world  scientific,  busi- 
ness, literary,  historical,  educative,  justifies  us,  one  and  all,  in 
urging  the  introduction  of  this  complete,  scientific,  rapid,  legible, 
and  easily  acquired  system  of  shorthand  into  the  curriculums  of 
the  various  seats  of  learning  throughout  the  land. 

CONCLUSIONS. 

The  author  commends  this  work  to  the  careful  judgment  of  a 
discriminating  public.  It  is  no  experiment.  In  a  less  perfect  form 
it  has  been  in  daily  use,  during  the  last  ten  years,  in  the  author's 
school-rooms.  Its  writers  number  more  than  one  thousand,  in  the 
Northwest  alone.  Many  of  them  are  holding  positions  demanding 
the  utmost  skill  and  facility. 

Every  advantage  that  can  possibly  be  claimed  for  any  Pitmanic 
shorthand  system,  must  unquestionably  extend  in  still  greater  force 
to  this  work. 

That  Scientific  Shorthand  will  be  found  a  work  which  has  re- 
moved the  last  great  objection  to  the  Pitmanic  style  of  writing, 
thereby  giving  perpetuity  to  that  form  of  stenography  with  which 
the  large  body  of  writers  and  teachers  are  most  familiar,  and  which, 
during  the  past  half  century,  has  been  most  praised  because  of  its 
inherent  worth,  is  the  fond  hope  and  expectation  of 

THE  AUTHOR. 

July  4th,  1900. 


To  WRITERS  AND  TEACHERS  OF  SCIENTIFIC  SHORTHAND — The  Author 
desires  to  call  attention  to  Part  II  of  this  work,  which  gives  his  method  of 
teaching  and  studying  the  same. 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


LESSON  I. 

1.  The  Shorthand  Alphabet  is  obtained  from  the  horizontal, 
perpendicular,  right  oblique,  and  left  oblique  diameters  of  a  circle, 
and  certain  quadrants  of  a  circle,  the  diamster  of  which  is  about 
one -half  inch. 

2.  Each  of  these  diameters  is  written  one -half  its  length  light, 
and  one T half  its  length  heavy.     The   light  line   strokes  represent 
light    sounds,    and   the    shaded   strokes  represent   heavy    sounds, 
likewise,  the  quadrants  are  written  both  light  and  heavy,  and  for 
the  same  purpose. 

3.  In  language,  as  in  art,  photography,  music,  day  and  night, 
and  many  other  things  in  Nature,  we  observe  the  power,  and  the 
beauty  in  contrasts  by  light  and  shade. 

4.  Shorthand  is  written  on   ruled  paper.       The  ruled  line  is 
the  greatest  artificial  aid  to  legibility  any  standard  shorthand  sys- 
tem possesses.      The  Initial  stroke  determines  the  position  of  the 
entire  outline.      Three  principal  positions  are  utilized:  — 

5.  Where  the  initial  stroke  is  written  about  one -eighth  of  an 
inch  above  the  ruled  line,  the  word  which  it  represents,  or  of  which 
it  forms  a  part,  is  in  FIRST  POSITION.    Where  the  initial  stroke 
is  written  on  the  ruled  line,  the  word  is  in  SECOND  POSITION. 
And,  where  the  initial  stroke,  if  horizontal,  is  written   just  under 
the  ruled  line;   or,  if  perpendicular,  or  oblique,  is  written  through 
the  ruled  line,  the  word  is  in  THIRD  POSITION. 

6.  These  three  positions  are  employed  to  differentiate  words 
that  begin  with  Vowel  sounds  from  those  that    begin  with  Conso- 
nant sounds ;   and   to   distinguish  between  those  words  that  begin 
with  Short  vowel  sounds,  and  those  that  begin  with  Long   vowel 
and  diphthongal  sounds.    This  differentiation  is  effected  as  follows : 

7.  Words  beginning  with  Long  vowel  and  diphthongal  sounds 
are  written  in  First  Position.     Words  beginning  with  Consonants, 
except  a  few  that  begin  with  the  letters  C,  S,  W,  Y,  H,  and  L,  are 
written  in  Second  Position.     Words  beginning  with   Short  vowel 
sounds,  and  with  S,  H,  W,  Y,  and  St,  followed  immediately  by  Short 
vowel  sound,    are  written  in  Third   Position.       Throughout    this 
work,  we  shall  refer  to  vowels  as  being  Long  and  Short.     The  Al- 
phabetic names  of  the  vowels  a,  e,  i,  o,  u,  and  the  diphthongs  are 
classed    as  long  vowels,  and    all    other   vocal  sounds  are  classed 
as  short  vowels. 

8.  The   right  hand   side  of  the  strokes  P,  B,  T,  D,  Cha,  J, 
the  upper  side  of  the  strokes  K  and  Gay,  the  left  hand  side  of  the 
strokes  Ray,  X,  and  Hay,  and  the  concave  side  of  all  curved  strokes, 
is    termed    the    Regular    side;  and    the  opposite    side    of   strokes 
is  termed  the  Irregular  side. 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


LESSON  II. 

9.  At  the  foot  of  this  page  are  illustrations  showing  the  deri- 
vation ef  the  shorthand  alphabet  from  the  half-inch   circle  and  its 
diameters,  as  set  forth  in  preceding  lesson. 

10.  From  figure  1,  we  obtain  four  letters — two  cognate  pairs — 
P  and  B,  and  Cha  and  J.    From  figure  2,  we  obtain  four  additional 
letters — two  cognate  pairs — T  and  D,  and  K  and  Gay.     Strokes  K 
and  Gay  are  always  written  in  a  direction  from  left  to  right. 

11.  By  super  imposing  figure  1  upon  figure  2 ,  shown  by  figure  3, 
the  length,  slant,  and  shading  of  above  strokes  is  readily  seen.  Fig- 
ure 4  gives  an  additional  radius,  which  is  employed  to  represent 
the  letter  R  followed  by  A  vowel,  and  which  is  termed  stroke  Ray. 
This  stroke  with  small  initial  hook  represents  the  letter  H  followed 
by  a  vowel,  and  is  termed  stroke  Hay.       Stroke    Ray    written    in 
Third    Position    represents  the  letter   X    preceded    by    any  short 
vowel  sound. 

12.  Stroke  J  represents  the  soft  sound  of  G  as  heard    in    Ge- 
neva, page,  budge,  as  well  as  the  letter  J.       Stroke   Gay  represents 
the  sound  of  G  as  heard  in  God,  get,  glow.  Stroke  Ch  represents  the 
sound  of  Ch  as  heard  in  chew,  each,  church.       Stroke  K  represents 
the  sound  of  Ch  as  heard  in  Christmas,  chorus,  as  well  as   the  let- 
ter K.     Thus,  it   is    seen    that   shorthand   writing   expresses    the 
sounds  in  words,  and  not  necessarily  the   exact  letters  composing 
them. 

13.  From  the  quadrants  obtained  from  dividing  the  circle  by 
figure  1,  we  secure  strokes  to  represent  the  letters  M,  Mp-b,  S,  Z, 
N,  Ng,  Th,  as  heard  in  thin,  and  Th  as  heard  in  them.  (Figure  5.) 
From  the  quadrants  obtained  from  dividing  the  circle  by  figure   2, 
we  secure  strokes  to  represent  the  letters  L,  W,  Wh,  R,  Qu,  Sh, 
Zh,  F,  and  V.      (Figure  6.) 

14.  The  horizontal  strokes  M,  Mp-b,  N,  and  Ng  are  written 
from  left  to  right.      Strokes  L,  and  Sh    are   written    upward    when 
followed  by  vowels ;    but  when  employed  medially  and  finally  they 
may  be  written  downward  if  followed  by   representatives    of  other 
sounds  which  indicate  a  vowel  following  L  and  Sh.    Strokes  Land 
Sh  are  written  downward  when  not  followed  by   vowels.       In  Se- 
cond Position,  stroke  Sh  may  be  written  either  upward  or  down- 
ward;  but,  in  Third  Position,  it  must  be  written  downward. 

15.  Stroke  W,  in  Third  Position,  or  employed  medially  and 
finally,  is  dotted  to  distinguish  it  from  stroke  R.     Stroke  R,  in  Se- 
cond Position  is  dotted  to  distinguish  it  from  stroke  W. 

N^/Ch       K  IT, 
AB 


SCIENTIFIC  SHORTHAND. 


LESSON   III. 

16.  The   Complete  Alphabet  of  strokes,  representing  all  the 
single  consonants,  and  all  the  double  and  triple  consonant  combi- 
nations with  which  words  begin,  is  given  on  opposite  page. 

17.  In   connection  with  the  letter  names,  printed  just  above 
the  representative  strokes,  the  hyphen  has  been  printed  to  indicate 
the  exact  location  of  the  initial  vowels,  where  such  vowels  may  be 
either  long  or  short;    and  the  sign  used  for  the  period,  a  dot,  has 
been  printed  to  indicate  the  exact  location  of  short  vowels. 

18.  The    strokes  derived   from   the  circle,  and  its  diameters, 
are  made  the  bases  of  all  other  strokes. 

19.  The  letter  R  immediately  preceded  by  another  sounded 
consonant  is  expressed  by  a  small  initial  hook  attached  to  preced- 
ing consonant  strokes ;  and  the  letter  I/  immediately  preceded  by 
another   sounded  consonant,    is  expressed  by  a  small  initial  hook 
attached    to   the   preceding   consonant  strokes.     These  hooks  are 
termed  the  Coalescent  R,  and  the  Coalescent  L  hooks.     The  letter 
R  coalesces  with  the  consonants  P,  B,  T,  D,  K,  G,  F,Th,  and  Sh, 
only;  and  the  letter  I,  coalesces  with  the  consonants  P,  B,  K,  G, 
F,  and  S,    only.     That  Coalescent  R  hook  may  be  written  on  left 
hand  side  of  all  oblique  strokes,  the  combinations  Thr  and  Fr  ap- 
pear in  negative  form.     The  letter  R  not  coalescing  with  W  and  S, 
their  representatives  may  be  employed,  in  such  modified  form,  for 
Fr  and  Thr.     The  I,  hook  is  written  on  the  right  hand  side  of  the 
respective  strokes  P,  B,  K,  G,  and  F.     SI  takes  the  form  given  in 
next  paragraph. 

20.  The  letter  S  coalesces  with  certain  other  consonants,  and 
forms  the  combinations  Sp,  Spr,  St,  Str,  Sk,  Skr,  Sf,  Sm,  Sn,  SI, 
Sw,  Squ,  and  Spl.     Coalescent  S,  which  is  represented  by  a  very 
small  circle,    is    always    followed  by  a  consonant,  when  employed 
initially  and  medially ;   and  always  preceded  by  a  consonant  when 
employed  finally.     The  Coalescent  S  strokes  written  in  Third  Po- 
sition,  represent  words  wherein  a  short  vowel  sound  immediately 
follows  the  sound  of  S,  and  a  second  vowel  sound,  long  or  short, 
immediately  follows  the  sound  of  the  consonants  expressed  by  the 
strokes  to  which  S  circle  is  attached.     Coalescent  S  circle  may  be 
employed  in  connection  with  all  the  alphabetic  strokes,  when  they 
are  written  in  Third  Position. 

21.  The  sound  of  S,  in  all  words  beginning  with  the  sound 
of  S  and  a  short  vowel  sound  immediately  following,  but  in  which 
a  second  vowel  sound  does  not  immediately  follow  the  consonants 
represented  by  the  strokes  to  which  S  is  attached,  is  represented 
by  the  non-coalescent  S  circle — a  circle  about  double  the  diameter 
of  Coalescent  S  circle.     Non-coalescent  S  circle,  employed  medi- 
ally, as  well  as  initially,  is  immediately  followed  by  a  vowel;  em- 
ployed finally,  it  is  immediately  preceded  by  a  vowel. 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


P-  B-  T-           D-         Ch-         J-  K-  G-  R-  H- 

F-  V-  Th-     Th-  S-         Z-  M-  N-  Sh-  L- 

R-             W-  Wh-  Qu-  Gw-  Y-  Tw-          Dw- 

3.^  .^  ^  .>  .^  .       .^.       .     P           .P 

.p  .p-  .b  .b-  .t  .t-  .d        .d-        .ch         .ch- 

*-\  \  ,   \    •  \    •   [  •  I    •  |    -  I  -  /  •  / 

.j  .j-  .k  .k-               .g  .g-  .x             .x-          .f  .f- 


.v         .v-         .th         .th-         .1  .1-          .m  .m-         .mp-b-        .mp  b 

6v  v    (  •  (  •  r  •  ^  -^   -  -^  •-• 

.n  .n-  .ng  .ng-  .s  .s-  .z          .z-       .sh         .sh- 


.w-  .r  .r-  .wh-  .qu-         -gw-  .h-         H.r      .zh- 


Pr-  Br-  Tr-         Dr-          Kr-  Gr-  Fr-  Thr-         Shr- 

9%  .     A    .   1    .    1    .  _    .    _      .^     .   •)   .  ^ 

.pr-         .br-         .tr-         .dr-          .kr-  .gr-  .fr-  .thr-         .shr- 

*  V  *\     1      1     «_      «-  • ' .  -^       ")•<*• 

PI-          Bl-           Kl-              Gl-           Fl-        .pi-        .bl-       .kl-        .gl-       .fl- 
\             C                                                   P 
11  ,\  \       . ,  c .     c ,  V.        C        .    «          c .  0 

Sp-        Spr-         St-        Str-        Sk-          Skr-      Sph-        SI-  Sm- 

12\\    ria_CT_^r<r^ 

Sn-         Sw-        Squ-       Spl-         S.p-        S.b-        S.t-       S.d-     S.ch-       S.j- 

CTX  °X.  ^? 

13     <^  )  1\\  ^  P  f/°/° 

\  \  I  /       •  .  /  ' 

S.k-         S.g-          S.x-          S.f-          S.v-        S.th-      S.I-       S.m-    S.mp-b- 

14  r    •          •    /  •    e        c       f'-s- 

Q—         °^          V_v          V         C    '   <r^   '  <f~^ 

S.n-          S.ng-          S.r-  S.qu-         S.p        S.b       S.t        S.d     S.ch      S.j 

15  -<^s      •     <i^s       •    °^       •     °^         '\\'^      -P-P./°./0 

S.k         S.g      S.f       S.v     S.I      S.m      S.n       S.r      S.sh    S.x   S.mp-b      S.ng 


. 

Copyright,  1900,  by  Thomas  Jasper  Caton. 


SCIENTIFIC   SHORTHAND. 


LESSON  IV. 

22.  The  following  words  are  written  on  opposite  page.  Each 
paragraph  of  words  is  represented  by  the  line  of  writing  with  which 
it  corresponds  in  number.  Words  below,  separated  by  the  comma, 
are  represented  by  the  same  shorthand  outline.  Write  the  initial 
stroke  in  position  demanded  by  rules  given  in  paragraph  7,  and 
connect  succeeding  strokes  without  lifting  the  pen  from  the  paper. 
A  straight  stroke  repeated,  followed  by  another  consonant  stroke, 
is  dotted  near  the  end  of  the  stroke. 

1.  Pay,  pie,  poe,  pew.      Be,  bee,  by,  buy,  boy,  bow.     Tea,  tie, 
to,  too,  two.     Day,  do,  die,  dough.    Chew.    Joy,  jew.    Cow.    Go. 
Roe,  rue.    Hay,  high.    Ax,  ox.    Few.    View. 

2.  They,  thee,  thou,  though,  thy.      Lay,  lie,  law.     Way,  woo. 
Why.     She,  show.     Say,  see,  so,  sue.     May,  me,  my.    No,  know, 
new,  now.    Yea,  ye,  yew.    Up.    Ebb.    At,  it,  ought.     Add,  odd. 

3.  Etch.    Edge.    Egg,  ago.    Are,  err,  or.    If,  off.    Of.  111.    Am. 
In,  on.    Away.    Ask.    Us,  use. 

4.  Play,  plow.    Blow,  blew,  blue.    Clue.    Glue.    Flee,  fly,  flow. 
Apply.    Ugly.    Pray.    Brew,  brow.    Try,  tree,  true.     Drew,  draw. 
Cry,  crew.  w 

5.  Grew,  grow.    Free.    Three,  through.    Shrew.    Snow.    Spray. 
Stay,  stew.    Strewr.    Sky.    Slay,  slew.    Snow.    Sway. 

6.  Splay.    Sir.    Settee.    Soggy.     Silly.     Sappy.     Sabbath.     Sac- 
rifice.   Sallacious.    Sunny.    Suppress. 

7.  Supplies.       Sacking.    Sacrilege.    Severity.    Similarity.    Sup- 
pose.   Casks. 

8.  Risks.      Clasps.     Grasps.     Masks.     Flasks.     Prism.     Wasps. 
Whisks. 

9.  Receives.    Deceives.    Does.    This,  thus.   Says,  sees.  Shows. 
Knows,  news.    Lies.    Was.    Excess.    Pipes.    Babes. 

10.  Judge.    Cake.      Cooks,  kicks.      Gags.     Pity,  putty.     Patch, 
pouch.    Page.    Packs. 

11.  Pig.    Perry,  parry.    Body.    Berry,  bury.    Top.  Tub.    Batch. 
Budge.    Backs.    Bag. 

12.  Tidy.    Teach.     Takes.    Tugs.    Tory,  tarry.     Deep.     Daub. 
Dutch,  ditch.   Dodge.  Adage.   Chaps. 

13.  Cherry.  Jetty.  Capes.  Cubs.    Katie.    Carries.    Choke.    Job. 
Chitty. 

14.  Hurry,  hairy,  Harry.       Epoch.       Aback.       Puffy.      Bush. 
Bushy.    Bell.    Bully. 

15.  Aloof.    Alive.     Along.     Needy.     Nudge.     Knave.    Willie. 
Washy.    Shady.    Shabby. 

16.  Shakes.    Sherry.    Shaves.    Weedy.    Waggy.  Wiery.  Wavy. 
Winnie.    Asthma. 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


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SCIENTIFIC   SHORTHAND. 


LESSON   V. 

23.  The  strokes  T,  D,  Ray,  N,  upward  L,  and  V  and  F  pre- 
ceded by  straight  strokes,  always  indicate  a  vowel  following.  When 
these  strokes  are  employed  without  a  vowel  following,  they  must 
be  dotted,  as  shown  in  illustrations  on  opposite  page.  Strokes  I, 
and  Ray  employed  medially  are,  generally,  both  preceded  and  fol- 
lowed by  vowels.  Final  S  circle  is  continued  across  the  stroke  to 
which  it  is  joined  to  express  a  short  vowel  sound  following.  The 
S  circle  carried  across  the  stroke  initially  expresses  the  initial  syl- 
lables an,  en,  in,  on,  un,  preceding  the  sound  of  S.  Ous,  final, 
preceded  by  a  vowel,  is  expressed  by  stroke  S.  Ray  stroke  doubled 
is  final. 

1.  Read.   Ready.  Wrought.   Idiot.   Donate.  Abode.   Body.   Bar- 
gain. Osseous.   Pious.    Radius.   Furious. 

2.  Credulous.    Furrier.     Merrier.     Carrier.     Barriers.     Pushing. 
Dishing.    Mashing. 

3.  Pose.    Posy.     Busy.    Juicy.      Rosy.    Hazy.    Fussy.    Mussy. 
Glossy.    Brassy.    Rosy's  Posies. 

4.  Ancillary.    Ensample.    Enslaves.    Unscrew.    Unsettles.    Un- 
seemly.   Inscribe. 

5.  Abolishes.    Topic.    Admonishes.     Allopathic.    Almightiness. 
Amatory.    Anatomy. 

6.  Copyright.  Dignity.  Demagogue.  Dilemma.  Dynamic.  Whiz. 

7.  Emphatic.    Famishes.    Fanatic.    Fatality.    Felony.   Futurity. 
Holiday. 

8.  Manufactory.      Marriages.      Melodies.     Military.     Notoriety. 
Parodies. 

9.  Phonetic.      Pyrotechnics.      Quackery.      Queerer.      Appellee. 
Cholera.    Ethically. 

10.  Duluth.    James.   Laura.   Dora.    Revenue.  Thievish.  Tiptoe. 
Assembly.    Geneva. 

11.  Armies.    Error.    Christmas.   Heaviness.  Justice.   Malicious. 
Baseness.    Quickness. 

12.  Dizziness.    Readiness.     Richness.     Savageness.     Tameness. 
Despise.    Thomas.    Willis.    Ominous. 

13.  Pompous.    Similes.    Theories.    Populace.   Timorous.   Props. 
Preach.    Approach.    Prayers. 

14.  Primps.     Bribes.     Brady.     Breeches.      Bridges.     Abridges. 
Bribery.    Brags.    Bravo.    Breath.    Brooms. 

15.  Briny.    Drudge.    Drayer.    Grudge.    Greek.    Gravy.    Greeny. 
Frills.    Freely.    Frog. 

16.  Practice.    Pragmatic.    Prairie.   Prank.   Pravity.    Precarious. 
Briers.    True. 


*».  0. 

LAWTFR 
,  TEX 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


A.  A  .  A 
c  Y^ 


LT 


16 


10  SCIENTIFIC   SHORTHAND. 

LESSON  VI. 

24.  Any  stroke  (except  Mp-b,  and  Ng),  given  in  Lesson  III, 
that  represents  single,  double,  or  triple  consonants,  where  they  are 
employed  initially  in  Second  and  Third  Positions  and  followed  by 
two  successive  vowel  sounds,  may  be  lengthened  to  indicate  such 
vowel  succession. 

Any  coalescent  L  and  R  hook  stroke  (and  the  strokes  T,  D, 
Ray,  Hay,  N,  upward  L,  and  upward  Sh,  undotted,  and  not  pre- 
ceded by  a  non- coalescent  S  circle,  or  by  a  brief  W,  Y,  H,  or  St 
circle),  and  the  strokes  F  and  V,  preceded  by  straight  strokes,  in- 
dicate a  vowel  sound  following,  unless  they  are  followed  by  a  final 
coalescent  S  circle.  Where  two  vowel  sounds  follow  these  strokes 
they  are  lengthened. 

The  strokes  P,  B,  Cha,  J,  K,  Gay,  Th,  M,  Qu,  the  strokes  F 
and  V  preceded  by  curved  strokes,  and  all  non -coalescent  strokes 
employed  medially  and  finally  do  not  indicate  vowel  sounds  fol- 
lowing. These  strokes  are  lengthened  to  indicate  a  vowel  sound 
following,  and  they  are  super -lengthened  to  indicate  two  vowel 
sounds  following;  but  where  these  strokes  are  followed  by  a  non- 
coalescent  circle,  hook,  loop,  or  stroke,  the  vowel  following  them 
is  located  by  such  non-coalescent  circle,  hook,  loop,  or  stroke,  and 
need  not  be  lengthened  to  locate  the  vowel  following,  but  the 
strokes  in  such  cases  may  be  lengthened  to  denote  two  vowel 
sounds  following. 

1.  Payee.    Pious,  payees.    Piano.    Bang.    Being.    Diana.  Vien- 
na.   Furious.     Spurious.    Blush.    Bluish. 

2.  Bear.     Buyer.    Radius.    Bail.    Baal.    Dial.    Diogenes.     Dia- 
metric.   Cleopatra.    Trio.    Gruel.    Growl. 

3.  Friar.    Flung.    Flying.    Bleer.    Blower.   Stair.   Stayer,  stew- 
er.    Duality.    Noah.    Leo.    Moab.    Joab. 

4.  Viol,  vial.    Theocracy.    Theosophy.    Sunny.      Sinnue.     Pe- 
troleum.   Braggadocio.    Bricabrac.   Corea. 

5.  Risk.     Risky.     Bug.     Buggy.     Bugs.     Buggies.    Acquiesce, 
aqueous.    Dum.    Dummy.    Carry. 

6.  Habeas.    Hobbies.    Happy.     Pressage.     Presto.     Presumes. 
Piimado  ina.    Primafacie.    Progeny.    Prolific. 

7.  Promissory.    Priority.    Prosody.    Brackish.    Brigadier.  Tre- 
mulous.   Tramway.    Trespass.    Trestle.    Readjust. 

8.  Crystallyze.    Shrink.    Shrubs.   Enslaves.   Ir.csnse.   Splashes. 
Supplies.    Patriarch.    Patrimony.     Acrimonious. 

9.  Acropolis.     Atrocious.     Blacksmith.     Lugubrious.     Deploy. 
Lustrous.    Matrimony.    Tracery. 

10.  Vacuum.    Alluvial.    Azoic.    Blameless.     Brewery.    Ammo- 
nia.   Butchery     Coalesce. 

11.  Cruelty.     Create.     Diabetes.     Diagram.    Dialectics.    Diaph- 
anous.   Diary.    Dialogue. 

12.  Diatribe.      Factotum.      Fallacious.      Ferocious.      Chronic. 
Hone}'.    Enigma.    Saps.    Suppress. 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


11' 


i. 


15 


16 


12  SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 

LESSON  VII. 

25.  In  a  large  number  of  words,  short  vowel  sounds  inter- 
vene between  the  letters  L,  and  R  and  preceding  consonants ;  and 
consonant  sounds  immediately  follow  L,  and  R  where  L,  and  R  are 
not  final.     In  such  words  and  syllables  the  letters  L,  and  R  are  ex- 
pressed by  the  non-coalescent  L  and  R  hooks.     The  non-coalescent 
R  hook  written  on  strokes  P,  B,  T,  D,  K,  G,  F,  and  Th,  is  a  wide 
hook,  made  so,  to  distinguish  it  from  the  coalescent  R  hook.     On 
all  other  strokes,  however,   the  non-coalescent  R  hook  is  a  small 
hook.     The  non-coalescent  L  hook  written  on  the  strokes  P,  B,  K, 
G,  and  F,  is  a  wide  hook,  made  so,  to  distinguish  it  from  the  co- 
alescent L,  hook.     On  all  other  strokes,  the  Iy  hook  is  a  small  ini- 
tial hook;    except  on  the  strokes  Ray,  Sh,  and  Y,  where  the  hook 
is  made  wide  to  distinguish  L,  hook  from  W  or  R  hook.     These 
hooks  are  not  written  on  strokes  H,  Ng,  Mp-b,  and  L,.     It  is  not 
necessary   to  widen  the  L,  and  R  hooks,  to  indicate  a  vowel  inter- 
vening  between    the  hook  and  the  strokes  Cha,  J,  V,  Th,   M,  N, 
and  X,  because  a  vowel  sound,  in  all  words,  separates  the  conso- 
nants expressed  by  the  strokes  from  the  letters  I,  and  R  expressed 
by  the  hooks. 

26.  The  non-coalescent  strokes  are  employed  in  both  Second 
and  Third  Positions,  medially  and  finally.     Non-coalescent  strokes 
may  be  lengthened  to  indicate  a  vowel  sound  immediately  follow- 
ing.    Stroke  L,  is  shaded  and  written  downward  to  add  .r;    stroke 
mp-b  is  lengthened  to  add  .r;  and  stroke  Ng  is  lengthened  to  add 
ker,  ger,  er;    and  stroke  Qu  is  given  the  form  of  Wh  to  express 
Qu.r.     Stroke  Y  initial  must  be  written  upward.     Stroke  Y  dotted 
may  be  employed  medially  and  finally.    Strokes  Y.r,  and  Y.I,  must 
be  written  upward.     Strokes  Sh.r  and  Sh.l  must  be  written  down- 
ward.    Strokes    Shr-    and  Shi-,   initial,  must  be  written  upward. 
Strokes  S.r  and  Z.r  must  be  dotted  to  distinguish  them  from  strokes 
Thr-  and  Th.r.     Stroke  S.I  must  be  dotted  to  distinguish  it  from 
stroke  Th.r.     Stroke  Z.I  need  not  be   dotted.     Non-coalescent  S 
circle  is  written  on  N  hook  side  of  straight  strokes  where  .r  follows 
the  sound  of  the  stroke  to  which  the  S  circle  is  joined.    Coalescent 
S  circle  is  written  on  R  hook  side  of  any  straight  stroke  where  r- 
immediately  follows  the  sound  of  the  stroke  to  which  said  circle  is 
joined.     Such  strokes  are  written  in  Third  Position  where  a  short 
vowel  sound  immediately  follows  the  sound  of  S. 

The  hyphen  and  the  dot  printed  in  connection  with  the  letter 
names  of  the  non-coalescent  strokes  on  opposite  page,  indicate  the 
exact  positions  of  the  vowels  in  all  words  employing  these  strokes. 


SCIENTIFIC  SHORTHAND. 


13 


P.I         P.r  B.I  B.r  T.I          T.r  D.I  D.r 

°\    ^   <\    r.  i     r     i 

K.I  K.r  G.I          G.r  Ch.l     Ch.r  J.I         J.r      R.I 


F.I        V  1        Th.l    Th.r      Th.r       S.r      Z.r      F.r          V.r  Qu.r 

^      C     9      )      5     ")    ^    ^      <> 

L.r        M.r        M.I        N.r          N.I        Sh.r      Sh.l      Zh  r        Zh.l        Y.r 


Y.I        S.I  Z.I  .p.l          .p.r  .b.l  .b.r        .t.l        .t.r 

.9          9      . 


.d.l       .d.r        .ch.l     .ch.r          .j.l        .j.r        .k.l          .k.r        .g.l        .g.r 


.x.l       .x.r       .n.x          .f.l         .v.l    .th.l     .l.r     -th.r       .th.r       .s.r  s.l 

' 


o--> 


.z.r       .z.l         .f.r          .v.r        .m.r      .m.l        .n.r       .n.l      .sh.r        .zh.r 


) 


S.p.r          S.p.l        S.b.r      S.b.l     S.t.r        S.t.l    S.d.r      S.d.l  S.ch.r  S.ch.1 

'A-     \;.;-V.^  "T   T'  1'    f"/   / 

S.j.r      S.k.r        S.k.l        S.g.r        S.g.l        S.f.l      S.v.l      S.f.r         S.v.r 

-   ro  •       -       -  ro_-     ^_-    ^-   -e^.     o>^. 

S.m.r      S.n.r      S  p.r      S  t.r       S  k.r        Sk.l          Sm.r      Sn.r         Sl.r 

-^••^  ^    V  *-  ^  <-  -  r 

Sp.l        St.l        S.p-  S.p      S.pr-        S.p.r      S.pl-      S-p.1        Sp.l 

A.- 

Shr'     Sh'r         Shl'       Sh.l     .sh.r      Y.r          Y.I 

„  ,    ^     J.    cJ. 


j.   J 


14  SCIENTIFIC   SHORTHAND. 

LESSON  VIII. 

27.  The  hyphen  and  the  dot,  printed  in  connection  with  the 
letter  names  of  the  strokes  given  in  lessons  3  and  7,  show  the  exact 
location  of  the  vowels  in  relation  to  those  consonant  strokes. 
Therefore,  to  write  correctly  any  word  embodying  the  said  strokes 
is  simply  a  matter  of  joining  the  strokes  together.  Thus,  the  word 
charm  is  represented  by  the  stroke  Ch.r  joined  with  stroke  M. 
The  word  marvels  is  represented  by  the  strokes  M.r  and  V.ls. 
The  word  Immorality  is  represented  by  the  strokes  .m.r  and  .l.t. 
The  greatest  care  must  be  exercised  in  writing  the  strokes  with 
coalescent  L  and  R  hooks  so  as  to  express  the  coalescence. 

1.  Chirps.    Charms.    Charles.    Charlie.    Beecher,  butcher.     Ar- 
chers.   Trudger.    Fletcher.    Stitchers.    Snatcher.    Perfumes. 

2.  Jerks.    Germs.    Germany.     Parol.     Barrel.     Purls.     Whirls. 
Quarrel.    Excels. 

3.  Rivers.     Beavers.     Favors.     Bothers.     Brother.     Mothers. 
Fathers.    Rather.     Honorable.    Enriches. 

4.  Enrages.      Banners.      Manners.      Finer.     Spinner.      Whiner. 
Pusher.     Masher.    Thresher. 

5.  Lasher.    Splasher.    Paler.    Prowler.    Spiller.    Mitchel.   Beth- 
el.   Pommel.    Camel.     Kennel. 

6.  March.     Marshes.     Marvels.     Morality.    Immorality.    Mort- 
gages.   Moreover.    Ledger. 

7.  Pumper.    Lumber.   Slumber.  Tinker.    Finger.   Pebbel.     Peb- 
bly.   Ripple.    Smuggler. 

8.  Anchor,   anger.      Angry.     Telescope.      Testimony.      Tipler. 
Tomorrow.    Treasure. 

9.  Georgia.    Florida.    Alabama.    New  Jersey.    Apparatus.   Per- 
fideous.    Pernicious.    Perplex. 

10.  Appellee.    Apriori.   Bookcase.   Bothersome.    Cholera.   Cleo- 
patra.   Coffee-house.    Perspire.    Purchase. 

11.  Desultory.     Disaffect.     Disloyalty.     Observatory.     Succeed. 
Supplies.    Terminus.    Varnishes. 

12.  Traduce.    Embarrass.    Enormous.   Ascribe.  Assembly.    At- 
mosphere.   Acrimony. 

13.  Affable.    Amature.    Amatory.    Amenable.    Ampler.  Ample. 
Amply.    Beginners. 

14.  Believer.     Bespeaks.     Bachelor.     Book-keeper.     Delicious. 
Dilemma.    Disqualify. 

15.  Dynamic.    Deplorable.    Depth.    Electric.    Elliptic.    Expels. 
Texture.    Perverse. 

16.  Petroleum.    Palpable.     Parcels.     Parley.     Parsimony.    Pas- 
ture.   Paternity.    Pedestal. 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


15 


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15 


16 


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16  SCIENTIFIC   SHORTHAND. 

LESSON    IX. 

28.  The  letters  St-  initial,  and  the  sounds  of  the  letters  -st, 
-zd,  st,  final,  are  expressed  by  a  circle  about  double  the  diameter  of 
the  non-coalescent  S  circle.  The  St  circle  dotted  expresses  the 
syllables  ses,  sis,  sus,  ces.  sez,  zez,  zes,  zus.  The  St  circle  shaded 
expresses  the  sounds  of  st.r. 

The  sound  of  L  final,  preceded  by  only  one  consonant  stroke 
and  a  long  vowel  sound,  may  be  expressed  by  a  small  loop. 

The  L  loop,  the  St,  Ses,  and  Ster  circles  may  be  enlarged  to  add 
T,  D,  .t,  .d.  They  must  be  written  on  the  Regular  side  of  all 
strokes.  They  may  be  continued  across  the  stroke  to  which  they 
are  attached,  to  express  a  short  vowel  sound  following.  Such 
vowel  representation  may  be  shaded  to  add  .r. 

1.  Past,  paste,  post,  posed,  pieced.    Passes,  poses,  paces.     Pas- 
tor.   Pasty.    Possesses.    Posters.  Boasts.  Toasts.   Dusty.    Chester. 

2.  Chooses.     Jesus.     Casts.     Cases.     Ghosts.    Rusty.    Rustier. 
Hazes.    Vast.    Vases. 

3.  Vaster.    Vestry.    Lasts.  Losses.  Lusters.  Most,  must.  Moses. 
Master.    Mastery.    Nests. 

4.  Noses.    Nasty.     Nastier.     Quizzes.     Wheezes.     Yeast.     At- 
tests.   Addest.    Effaced.     Offices. 

5.  Honest.    Honesty.    Amasses,  amuses.    Access,  excess,  axes. 
Illest.    Placed.    Plaster.    Classed.    Classes. 

6.  Clusters.    Glosses,  glazes.    Presses.  Braced.    Traces.  Trusty. 
Trustier.    Dresses.    Thrusts. 

7.  Spiced.    Stayest.    Sliced.    Sneezes.    Sufficed.      Pipest.     Piti- 
est.    Pitchest.    Pokest.    Biggest. 

8.  Baxter.    Texas.    Fixed.    Mixed.    Taxed.    Faddist.  Thinnest. 
Thickest.    Trusted. 

9.  Rusted.    Post.    Posted.    Dusted.    Hoisted.   Possessed.    Sup- 
pers.   Suppress.    Sadder.    Sicker.    Sacrifice. 

10.  Sacristy.    Sanity.    Salvage.    Separable.     Sorcery.    Sorcerer. 
Successor.    Smithville.    Piracy. 

11.  Pale,  peel,  pile,  pole.    Bail,  boil.    Tail,  toil,  towel,  tall.  Dale, 
deal.    Jail.    Cold,  called.    Gold,  galled.    Riled,  rolled,  ruled. 

12.  Animosity.     Atrocity.     Ballast.     Electricity.     Fallacy.     Fe- 
blest.    Felicity.    Fatalism.    Feudalism. 

13.  Hesitancy.      Journal-box.     Justice.     Lunacy.     Necessary. 
Novelist.    Policy. 

14.  Primacy.     Regeneracy.     Tallahassee.     Tenacity.     Despise. 
Disguise.    Exhaust.    Duelist. 

15.  Ascertains.    Puzzle.     Muzzles.     Hustles.      Rustles.     Exile, 
exhale.    Failed.    Hold.    Holder. 

16.  Unstung.    Installs.    Unstamped.    Unstuffed.    Unstitch.    Un- 
stacks.    Instills.    Unstrung. 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


17 


i 

3.  Vo 


'  f         f 


12. 


13. 


6 


I    o        J          I  9 

L_y  01  <J D  ..y/i. 


16. 


18  SCIENTIFIC  SHORTHAND. 

LESSON  X. 

29.  The  sound  of  the  letter  N  occurring  medially  or  finally, 
and  not  followed  immediately  by  a  vowel  sound,  is  expressed  by 
a  small  hook,  written  on  the  irregular  side  of  straight  strokes,  and 
on  the  regular  or  concave   side   of  curved  strokes.     Where  two 
distinct  sounds   of  N  occur  medially,  the  first  is  expressed  by  N 
hook  and  the  second  by  N  stroke. 

30.  The  circles  for  St,  Ses,  Ster,  may  be  written  finally  on  the  N 
hook  side  of  straight  strokes  to  express  the  sounds  they  represent 
immediately  after  the  sound  of  N.     The  L,  loop  written  finally,  on 
the  N  hook  side  of  straight  strokes,   expresses  the  sounds  of  T.I 
and  D.I  immediately  after  the  sound  of  N.     S  circle  must  be  writ- 
ten within  N  hook,  on  curved  strokes.     The  syllables  T.r  and  D.r 
occurring  medially  and  finally,  not  followed  immediately  by  a  vow- 
el sound,  may  be  expressed  by  a  hook  larger  than  N  hook. 

1.  Pan,  pin,  pun,  pine.    Plain,  plan.    Span,  Spain,  spin.  Sprain. 
Been,  boon,  bone.     Blown.     Brain,  brawn.     Train.     Stain,  stone. 
Strain,  strewn.    Cain,  keen.    Clan.    Crown. 

2.  Scan.   Screen.   Slain.    Swain.    Spleen.   Fine.    Flown.   Frown. 
Thin.    Thrown. 

3.  Moan,  mine,  mean.     None,   noon,  noun.     Wine,  win,  won. 
Queen.    Attain.   Again.    Sadden.    Satin.    Alligns.    Amen.     Anon. 

4.  Pen.    Penny.     Bone.     Bony.     Tin.     Tinny.     Fun.     Funny. 
Men.    Many,  money.    Rain.    Rainy. 

5.  Pansy.     Plains.     Bones.     Bjrains.     Tense.     Trains.      Stains. 
Strains.    Chance.    Joins.    Coons.    Gleans. 

6.  Clans.  Grains.    Runs.    Hence.    Fines.  Men's.  Wince.  Quince. 
L,ance.    Pranced.    Trounced. 

7.  Chanced.     Glanced.     Punster.     Bounces.     Kansas.    Against. 
Tenancy.    Penance.    Amanuensis. 

8.  Patter.     Platters.     Batterest.     Tatters.     Debtors.    Chatterest. 
Gaiters.    Writers.    Hatter.    Broader. 

9.  Fighter.  Voter.    Letters.    Matters.    Theaters.    Setter.  Water. 
Quitter.    Spatter.    Stutterest.    Scatterest. 

10.  Smiter.     Slighter.     Sweeter.     laterally.     Batter.      Battery. 
Water.    Watery.    Teter. 

11.  Abandons.      Americans.      Carbon.      Corn.     Burn.     Churns. 
Adjourns.    Dandy.    Bundle.    Tyndal.    Candles. 

12.  Handles.    Blandish.    Chapters.    Balderdash.    Barters.    Bur- 
dens.   Dragoons.    French.    Green. 

13.  Semi -weekly.     Senate.     Senatorial.      Severally.      Severity. 
Signature.    Simplicity. 

14.  Sinuous.     Soggy.     Sorghum.      Semi -lunar.      Sub -aqueous. 
Subdue.    Submerge.    Subrogate. 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


19 


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20  SCIENTIFIC  SHORTHAND. 

LESSON  XI. 

31.  The  sounds  of  the  letters  F  and  V  occurring  medially  and 
finally,  and  not  followed  immediately  by  a  vowel  sound,  are  ex- 
pressed by  a  small  hook,  written   on  the  regular  side  of  straight 
strokes.     This  hook  is  not  written  on  curved  strokes.     The  S  cir- 
cle must  be  written  within  this  hook,  to  distinguish  between  S  pre- 
ceded by  F  or  V,  and  S  preceded  by  the  sound  of  the  stroke  to 
which  S  circle  is  joined. 

32.  The  medial  and   final  syllables  tion,  sion,  dan,  cion,  tian, 
pronounced  "shun" ,  are  expressed  by  a  hook  larger  than  the  F,  V 
hook.     These   syllables  following  a  curved  stroke,  must  be  ex- 
pressed by  the  stroke  Sh.n,  or  by  writing  stroke  Sh  through  the 
preceding  part  of  the  word. 

1.  Pave,  puff.     Proof,  prove.     Buff,  beef.     Bluff.     Brave,    brief. 
Tough.    Trough.     Stave,  staff,  stiff.    Strive.     Chief,  chaff.     Jove. 

2.  Cliff,  cleave.    Give,  gave.    Grave,  grieve.   Glove.   Rave,  reef, 
roof.    Heave,  hove.    Fife.    Move.    Loves. 

3.  Paves.     Briefs.     Bluffs.     Staves.      Strives.    Skiff.     Grieves. 
Aggrieves.    Approves.    Alive. 

4.  Deprave,  deprive.    Reproof,  reprove.    Pelf.     Curves.     Delve. 
Roughly.    Delving.    Engraves.    Retrieves.    Derives. 

5.  Passions.    Optionally.    Caution.    Actions.    Rationally.    Hes- 
sians.    Exertion.     Abrasion.     Ablution.    Oppression.    Apportion. 

6.  Motion.      Fashion.     Nations.     Illusion.     Visions.     Motion. 
Nations.    Fashions.    Provisions.    Operation. 

7.  Accretion.    Aggravation.    Application.   Cogitation.   Duration. 
Adoration.    Exaction.    Exultation. 

8.  Exhibition.      Exceptional.     Execution.     Extradition.     Frac- 
tions.   Foundations.     Fiction.    Rationalism. 

9.  Rationality.      Elocution.      Division.      Provisions.      Rotation. 
Repression.    Ambition.    Abrogation. 

10.  Accidental.    Alteration.    Alliteration.    Butterfly.      Culpable. 
Caterpillar.    Colorado.    Despondency. 

11.  Disbelieves.    Discharge.    Disclaim.    Disgrace.    Displeasure. 
RiSker.    Tasker.    Dismiss. 

12.  Guiltiness.     Hattie.     Hottest.     Heavy.     Hopper.     Hobble. 
Handle.    Henry.    Hotter. 

13.  West.    Wable.    Weeper.    Watcher.    Wagers.   Winner.   Whi- 
ner.    Whaler.    Wiggle.    Wiley. 

14.  Suppers.    Setters.    Sodders.    Suckers.    Summary.    Centuty. 
Sunday.    Sundry.    Simply.    Simple. 

15.  Mischief.    Perceives.    Motive.  Dative.   Natives.   Operatives. 
Abortive.    Active.    Caitiff.    Opprobrious.    Duteous. 

16.  Deafness.    Defense.    Devotee.    Dovetail.    Glorious.   Radius. 
Generous.    Furious.    Spurious. 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


21 


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15.     s- — >> 

i 


22  SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


LESSON  XII. 

33.  Strokes  K,  Sh,  Ray,  and  Hay  may  be  lengthened  to  add 
M.  Any  stroke  may  be  lengthened  to  add  sound  of  N,  where  it  is 
difficult  or  impossible  to  employ  N  hook.  The  L  loop  following 
sound  of  N  expresses  t.l,  d.l.  Curved  strokes  are  lengthened  to 
add  N,  where  N  is  followed  by  sounds  expressed  by  large  circles, 
hooks,  and  loops.  Straight  strokes  may  be  lengthened  to  add 
sound  of  N,  where  N  is  followed  by  sound  of  t.r,  d.r,  sh.n. 
Strokes  lengthened  to  add  M  or  N  are  dotted  on  N  hook  side  to 
differentiate  them  from  strokes  lengthened  to  indicate  one  or  two 
vowel  sounds  following.  The  syllables  t.r,  d.r,  following  the 
sound  of  N  expressed  by  N  hook,  may  be  represented  also  by  a 
quarter -length  B,  D,  or  J  stroke.  The  sound  of  sh.n,  -sh.n  follow- 
ing the  sound  of  the  N  or  F  hooks  may  be  represented  also  by  re- 
peating the  N  or  F-v  hooks. 

1.  Pension.    Apprehension.    Tensions.  Attention.   Pander.  Bin- 
ders.   Tender,  tinder.    Dander.  Chanter.  Joinder.   Canter,  candor. 

2.  Ganders.    Renders.     Hinder,  hunter.     Finder,  fender.     Ven- 
dor.   Thunder.    Lender.    Wonder.    Quainter. 

3.  Mender,  mounter.    Sunder.     Asunder.     Attainder.     Mention. 
Buggy.    Ruby.    Leafy.    Maggie. 

4.  Tense.      Fences.      Offenses.      Manses.       Lances.       Winces. 
Dances.    Pansy.    Quinces.    Quince.    Announces. 

5.  Fenced.    Lanced.    Bounced.    Announced.    Fondle.    Fondled. 
Mentally.    Detrimental. 

6.  Gamester.       Rhymesters.       Rooming.       Remedy.       Shame. 
Shamefaced.    Shamefully.    Example.    Yams. 

7.  Dumb.  Dummy.  Comeliness.  Permeably.  Pigmy.  Alimentary. 

8.  Penman.     Attainment.     Revenge.    Labyrinth.     Commentary. 
Lime.  Lima.    Fumigation. 

9.  Common.    Commentator.    Exemplify.   Examination.  Exclam- 
atory.   Examine. 

10.  Expansionist.    Extension.    Feminine.    Finances.     Horribly. 
Hereditary. 

11.  Preliminary.       Preeminence.       Permanence.       Propagation. 
Regimental.    Fundamentally. 

12.  Detrimentally.    Experimental.    Experimentalist.     Memoran- 
dum.   Sanitarium. 

13.  Subscription.     Substance.     Subtraction.     Successful.     Suffi- 
ciency.   Submission.    Substantial. 

14.  Monday.    Tuesday.    Wednesday.    Thursday.    Friday.    Sat- 
urday.   Sunday.    Bundles.    Roomy. 

15.  January.    February.    March.    May.    June.     July.     October. 
November.    December. 

16.  Minneapolis.     Milwaukee.     Chicago.    Harrisburg.     Helena. 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


23 


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o>  x^ 


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(, 


24  SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 

LESSON  XIII. 

34.  Any  stroke,  except  Mp-b,  and  Ng,  may  be  shortened  to 
add  the  sound  of  T  and  D,  -t  and  -d. 

35.  The  sounds  of  T  and  D,  expressed  by  shortening  strokes, 
always  precede  the  sounds  of  circles  and  loops  joined  to  the  short- 
ened strokes;  but  follow  the  sounds  expressed  by  the  final  hooks. 

36.  The   syllables  Ted,  and  Ded  following  T  and  D,  are  ex- 
pressed by  disjoined  strokes  T  and  D  written  half-length. 

1.  Pat,  pate,  peat,  pied,  pit,  pot,  put.      Bat,  beat,   bit,   bought. 
Tight,  tied,  taught.     Did,  debt,  doubt,  date.    Cheat,  chat.    Jet,  jot, 
jut.    Cat,  cut,  could,  caught.    Get,  got,  good,  God.    Hat,  heat,  hit, 
hot,  hut,  hate.    Fat,  fight,  fit.    Vote,  viewed.  Thought.  That.  Sat, 
set,  sit,  sought.    Let,  light,  lot,  loot. 

2.  Wet,   wit.    White.    Quit,   quite.    Mat,  mad,  met,  mit.    Not, 
net,  need.    Shut,  should.    Plat.    Prod.    Bleat,  bleed.    Bread,  bride, 
broad,  brood.    Treat,  tried,  trod.    Cried,  creed,  crowed. 

3.  Lord,    lard.     Flight,    fleet,    float.      Freight,    fright,    fraught. 
Threat,    thread.     Spite.     Sprite,    spread.     State,  staid.     Straight, 
street.    Sled,  slid,  slight.     Smite,     Sweet.     Squat.     Split.     Board, 
bird,  bard.    Build. 

4.  Tilt,  tilled.    Chart.    Chilled.    Killed.   Gilt.   Felt,  filled.   Mart, 
marred.     Apt.     Ebbed.     Added.     Etched.     Edged.     Act.    Egged. 

5.  Ant.    Acquit.    Spurt.    Start.    Scarred.    Snort.    Smart.    Spilt, 
spilled.    Apart.     Aboard.     Abroad.     Uttered.     Agreed.     Honored. 

6.  Write.      Replied.     Paid.     Abode.     Abominate.     Ride.      Pit. 
Pity.    Mud.    Muddy.    Need.    Needy.    Applied. 

7.  Replied.    Rebelled.    Expert.  Expelled.   Dispelled.    Rebelled. 
Pats.    Plats.    Plants.    Brides.    Brand.    Brands. 

8.  Tend.     Tints.     Trends.     Ment,  mend.     Dement.     Laments. 
Payments.  Agreements.  Dismounts.  Discounts.   Lent,  lend.  Lends. 

9.  Ground,  grind,  grunt.  Aground.  Around.  Amounts.  Abounds. 
Acquaints.    Accounts.    Recounts.    Reft.    Braves.    Daft.    Coughed. 

10.  Heft,  heaved.    Raved.   Staved.   Strived.    Scoffed.    Depraved. 
Bereft.      Reproved.      Dated,  dotted,  doubted.      Deeded.      Redated. 
Retreated. 

11.  Allowed.    Annoyed.    Poet.    Receipt.    Deceit.    Proceed.  Ex- 
ceed.   Midst.    Battered. 

12.  Mattered.    Motioned.    Fashioned.    Cautioned.    Stilled,  Stilt. 
Skilled.    Smelts, 

13.  Lingered.  Fingered.  Angered.  Dumped.  Thumped.  Bumped. 
Stamped.    Primped. 

14.  Affectionate.     Clergyman.     Clerk.     Appraisement.    Assess- 
ment.   Doublebreasted.    Dizziness.    Zero.    Ezra.    Zenophon. 

15.  James.    Charles.   Peter.  Jonathan.   Rober.    Bennett.   Wash- 
ington.   Harrison.    Sherman.    Daniel. 

16.  Loudness.    Loud.    Libeler.    Jericho.    Populace.    Plenteous. 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


25 


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12. 


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26  SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


LESSON  XIV. 

37.  The  stroke  Hay,  Sta,  W,  and  Y  are  employed  when  they 
represent  the  only  consonants  in  the  words  to  be  written ;    when 
they  are    followed   by    sounds    represented  by  circles,  hooks,  and 
loops;  when  they  are  the  final  consonants,  followed  by  long  vowel 
sounds;   when  they   are  followed  by  other  consonants,  and  suc- 
ceeding vowel  sounds.      The  initial   hook,  forming  a  part  of  the 
stroke  Hay,  may  be  shaded  to  add  the  sound  of  .r. 

38.  Sta  circle  is  employed  initially  where  the  consonant  fol- 
lowing  St   is    final,  and  represented  by  a  stroke;    and  where  the 
consonants  following  the  stroke  are  represented  by  circles,  hooks 
and  loops.     Sta  circle,   initial,    is  written  on  the  R  hook  side  of 
straight  strokes  to  express  the  retention  of  the  non-coalescent   R. 
Words  beginning  with  Sta  circle  may  be  written  in  Second  Position 
to  indicate  a  long  vowel  sound  immediately  following  St ;   and  they 
may  be  written  in  Third  Position  to  indicate  a  short  vowel    sound 
immediately  following  St. 

1.  High.      Yea,  ye,  yew.     Way,  woo.     Stay,  sty,  stew.     Hays. 
Hosts.    Hisses.    Hester's.    Hessians.    Hatters.    Hones. 

2.  Hale,   heel,  whole,  ?iowl.     Hailed,  howled.     Ways.     West, 
waist.    Wine,  won.     Water,     Wail,  weal.     Wild,  walled.     Yeast. 

3.  By-way.      Tally-ho.      Bestow.       Coffeehouse.      Blackstone. 
Boston.    Restive.  Behaves. 

4.  Happy.     Hopper.     Willy.    Sticky.     Steep.     Stops.    Steeper. 
Stepper.    States.    Staid.    Stitchest.    Stitcher. 

5.  Stages.    Stakes.    Stacks.    Staves.     Steals.     Steams.     Stems. 
Stings.    Stars.    Starry. 

6.  Habeas.      Habiliment.      Habitable.      Handbill.      Handbook. 
Handicraft.    Handcuffs.     Handiwork. 

7.  Handkerchief.    Handsome.    Handspike.    Handwriting.  Hap- 
hazard.   Happening.    Harangue. 

8.  Harbinger.    Harbor.    Hardy.    Harm.    Harmonious.    Harmo- 
nies.   Harpoon.    Harsh.    Hard. 

9.  Harvest -home.    Hatchway.    Haunch.   Haycock.    Headboard. 
Headache.    Head -cheese.    Headquarters. 

10.  Headspring.     Headstrong.      Headway.      Headlong.      Head- 
stall.   Hebraism.    Hellenic.    Hellish. 

11.  Hennery.    Heresy.    Hesperian.    Hodge-podge.    Heterodox. 

12.  Hobgoblin.     Horizontal.      Horologue.      Horticulture.      Ho- 
sannah.    Hospitality.    Hypocrisy. 

13.  Hubbub.      Huntsman.      Hurrah.      Hydraulics.      Hygienic. 

14.  Hypothenuse.  Hysteria.  Hysterics.  Hoboes.   Husky.   Husk. 
Dusky.    Dusk. 

15.  Risk.    Risky.    Knob.    Nobby.     Bug.     Buggy.    Leaf.  Leafy. 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


27 


28  SCIENTIFIC  SHORTHAND. 

LESSON  XV. 

39.  The  consonant  W  is  expressed  by    either  of  two    small 
semi -circles  opening  to  the  right  or  to  the  left;  the  consonant  Y  is 
expressed  by  either  of  two  small  semi -circles  opening  upwards  or 
downwards ;  and  the  consonant  H  is  expressed  by  either  a  quarter 
length  Ray,  or  Cha  stroke. 

40.  These  brief  strokes  are  employed  in  the  writing  of  words 
beginning   with    H,  W,  and  Y  respectively,  where  the  consonant 
following  is  not  succeeded  by  a  vowel   sound;  or,  in  words,  where 
the  consonant  following  them  is,  in  turn,  followed  by  vowel  sounds 
and  other  consonants  represented  by  circles,  hooks,  and  loops. 

41.  Brief  W  opening  to  the  right  is  best  joined  to  all  strokes 
except  M,  K,  and  Gay.     Brief  W  is  written  in  the  form  of  a  hook 
on  strokes  L,,  and  Ray;  and  this  hook  may  be  shaded  to  add  H. 

42.  Words  beginning  with  brief  H,  W,  and  Y  may  be  writ- 
ten   in    Second  Position  where  the  initial  vowel  is  long,  and  in 
Third  Position  where  the  initial  vowel  is  short. 

1.  Hopes.     Hub.     Head.     Hate.     Hitch.     Hedge,  huge.     Her. 
Awhile.    Home.    Hum.    Hung. 

2.  Hill,  hull.    Weeps.     Web.    Waits.    Wet.    Wadest.    Witches. 
Wagest.    Wakes.    Waggest.    Wars.   Where. 

3.  Whereby.  Whereat.  Whereto.  Whereunto.  Wherein.  Where- 
of.   Wherefore.    Wheresoever. 

4.  Wail,  weal.     Well.     Whales,  whiles.    Whaling.    Waif,  wife. 
Weaves,  wives.    Withe.    Wing.    Wishes.    Weepest. 

5.  Yap.    Youngest.    Yoke.    Yachts.  Yale.    Hemorrhage.    Wall. 

6.  Wades.     Waffle.     Wagers.     Wanders.     Wampum.     Wallop. 
Whelp.    Warpaths.    Warlike.    Warder.    Warbles.    Warrants. 

7.  Waspish.    Water-proof.    Water-works.    Waybill.    Wayward. 
Weak-minded.    Wealth.    Weather-cock.    Well-being. 

8.  Well-mannered.    Well-spring.    Welter.  Western.  Westward. 
Whereas.    Whereupon. 

9.  Whirlwind.    Whisky.     Whitlings.     Weds.     Widow.      Wish- 
bone.   Wishywashy.    Witness.    Witticism.    Wizard. 

10.  Wizen.    Wordly- minded.    Worse.    Swore.    Swears.    Sworn. 
Worship.    Worsted.    Worry. 

11.  Wrong-doer.     Wrinkle.     Writhes.     Xebec.     Zebra.     Zeal. 
Zealous.    Zenith. 

12.  Zephyr.      Zigzag.     Zodiac.     Zootomy.     Zouave.      Yankee. 
Yarn.    Yawl. 

13.  Yearns.  Yelk.  Yelp.  Yeoman.  Yester.  Yields.  Yonder.  Yes. 

14.  Aconite.    Adventist.    Aliquot.     Aluminum.     Backgammon. 

15.  Armada.     Asbestos.       Belladonna.     Barouche.     Basswood. 

16.  Bilious.    Billiards.    Buttercup.    Butterfly.     Bullhead.    Bells. 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


29 


e/     e/       &/ 

xi    ^_)       > 


V 


v^       V,        V 

^      I 


V 


30  SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


LESSON  XVI. 

43.  The  prefixes  con,  com,  cog,  initial,  may  be  represented  by 
a  dot;   occurring  medially,  the  dot  is  written  on  right  hand  side  of 
strokes,  and  on  under  side  of  M,  and  N. 

44.  The  prefixes  trans,  Pr-   and  self,  may  be  represented  by 
disjoined  T  stroke,  and  by  Pr-  and  S-f  strokes,  respectively,  con- 
nected  with  or  disconnected  from  the  following  part  of  the  word. 
Circum  is  expressed  by  S  circle  written  near  the  center  of,  and  be- 
fore the  initial  stroke  following. 

45.  5".  shun,  C.  shun,  Z.  shun,  may  be  expressed  by  writing 
S  circle  within  sJnin  hook.     This  form  of  hook  may  be  used  on 
curved  strokes  also. 

1.  Comprise.      Compose.     Contains.      Condition.     Concussion. 
Connection.    Consideration.    Comparable.    Convocation. 

2.  Combustible.     Companion.     Company.     Comparison.     Com- 
patriot.   Compensate.  Competitive.     Competitor. 

3.  Complicity.     Necessity.     Necessary.     Compulsion.    Compul- 
satory.    Comptroller.    Confirmative.    Confiscate. 

4.  Confidant.     Confederate.     Confidential.     Confluence.    Confu- 
sion.   Congenial.    Congestion.    Confraternity. 

5.  Congressman.     Congruous.     Conjecture.'    Nature.      Feature. 
Lecture.    Picture. 

6.  Consummate.    Consumption.    Contagion.   Contaminate.   Con- 
tentious.   Contiguous.    Continence.    Continuous. 

7.  Continental.    Contingency.    Contradict.    Controversial.    Con- 
vulsion. 

8.  Accommodation.    Accompany.    Accomplishment.   Transpose. 
Transport.    Transfusion.    Transgressed. 

9.  Transfers.    Transalpine.    Transatlantic.    Transfixed.   Transi- 
tional.   Transparency.    Transpire.    Transfiguration.    Translation. 

10.  Recondite.    Reconcile.    Recompense.    Discontinue.   Discon- 
nect.   Misconduct.    Reconsider.    Recumbency. 

11.  Self -accomplished.    Self -deceived.   Self-control.    Self-deny- 
ing.   Self-examination.    Self-possessed.    Self-sacrifice. 

12.  Circumstance.     Circumnavigate.     Circumvent.     Circumcise. 
Circumference.    Circumflex. 

13.  Circumlocution.    Circumspection.    Circumstantial.    Circum- 
volution.   Ascertains.    Assertion. 

14.  Readjust.       Reappear.     Reassert.     Reassure.        Reelection. 
Re-establish. 

14.   Preappoint.       Prearrange.       Preexists.       Preengage.       Pre- 
suppose.   Return.    External.    Paternal.     Fraternal. 

16.   Positions.    Opposition.     Physician.     Musicians.     Causation 
Acquisition.    Recision.    Decision. 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


31 


i.X 


V 


8    . 


10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 


; 


I 


L^ 

K 

IV-  IV 


V  ^ 


)  V. 


u_ 


/  -  7  \ 

(        /  V 


32  SCIENTIFIC  SHORTHAND. 


LESSON  XVII. 

46.  The  St  and  St.r  circles,  medial,  are  not  used  connectedly, 
except  where  they   can  be  written   within   the   angle  of  straight 
strokes,  or  in  a  manner  the  direct  opposite  of  that  in  which  the  S 
circles,    medial,    are    written.      Strokes   following  the  sounds  ex- 
pressed by  these  circles  may  be  written  in  a  disconnected  manner 
shown  below. 

47.  The  suffixes  ing,  ingly,  ings,  -nguish,  -nquish,  tiveness, 
lessness,  bleness,  ology,  o logical -ly,  fication  -faction,  graph -ic- al- 
ly',  Dullness,  tionable,  tionably,    tality  -tility,    bility,   ship,   larity, 
-shun,  tiation,  sheashun,  and  self  in    pronouns,  may  be  expressed 
by  the  disconnected  circle  and  dots,  and  by  the  strokes,  as  shown 
in  the  illustrations  following:  — 

1.  Doing.  Doings.    Saying.    Sowing.    Showing.    Loving.    Lov- 
ingly.   Knowingly.   Failings,  feelings,  filings.  Thrilling.  Languish. 

2.  Anguish.     Vanquish.     Distinguish.      Distinguished.     Extin- 
guish.   Relinquishes.    Positiveness.    Relativeness. 

3.  Attentiveness.    Definitiveness.     Penetrativeness.     Retentive  - 
ness.   Heedlessness.    Thanklessness.    Carelessness.   Harmlessness. 

4.  Boundlessness.     Regardlessness.     Thoughtlessness.     Worth - 
lessness.    Nobleness.    Geology.   Apology.   Sociology.   Phrenology. 

5.  Theological.     Meterological.     Phraseological.    Physiological. 
Pacification.     Edification.     Modification.     Qualification.    Amplifi- 
cation. 

6.  Ramification.  Signification.  Verification.  Ratification.  Sancti- 
fication.    Putrefaction.    Biograph.    Typograph. 

7.  Photographical.    Paragraphs.  Lithographic.  Stenographically. 
Biography.    Typographically.    Blissfulness.    Mirthfulness.  Truth- 
fulness. 

8.  Myself.    Herself.    Itself.     Thyself.     Actionable.     Exception  - 
ably.    Fashionable.    Optionable.   Mortality.   Immortality.   Futility. 

9.  Rostrum.     Nostrum.     Pistol.     Distill.    Visionary.     Contrary. 
Luminary.    Dictionary.     Negative.    Affirmative. 

10.  Nominative.    Vocative.   Co-operative.   Similitude.   Solitude. 
Gratitude.    Altitude.    Longitude.    Polarity.    Regularity. 

11.  Multitude.     Heedlessly.     Ravenously.    Vigorously.     Need- 
lessly.   Jealously.     Lifelessly. 

12.  Variously.      Blamelessly.      Expressly.     Previously.     Decla- 
mation.   Explanation.    Dissemination.    Abomination. 

13.  Culmination.      Proclamation.     Termination.      Illumination. 
Ruination.    Donation.    Nations.    Nationally. 

14.  Estimation.     Decoration.    Mitigation.    Allegation.    Promul- 
gation.   Litigation.    Navigation.    Subjugation. 

15.  Prolongation.    Supplication.    Avocation.    Suffocation.    Pro- 
vocation.   Location.    Education.    Prevarication. 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


33 


i !    L   > 


3. 


4  . 


6  . 


10 


n 


14 


15 


16 


34  SCIENTIFIC  SHORTHAND. 


LESSON  XVIII. 

48.  The  greater  portion  of  the  initial  stroke  in  Third  Position 
is  written  above  the  ruled  line  where  a  vowel  sound   immediately 
follows ;   and  the  greater  portion  of  such  stroke  is  written  below  the 
ruled  line  where  a  vowel  sound   does  not  immediately  follow  the 
initial  stroke.     Horizontal  strokes  of  the  first  class  are  written  just 
under  the  ruled  line,  and  horizontal  strokes  of  the  second  class  are 
written  about  one -eighth  of  an  inch  beneath  the  ruled  line.      Half- 
length  Third  Position  strokes  are  written  under   ruled  line  where 
the  stroke  letter  coalesces  with  added  T  or  D. 

49.  T.r,  d.r  hook  shaded  represents  ther.     This  hook  is  em- 
ployed principally  on  strokes  Ray,  Hay,  Ex,  and  L,. 

50.  The  L,  loop  minuted  represents  /./,  v.l. 

1.  Abdicate.   Abjuration.     Ablaze.     Abnegate.    Abolition.     Ab- 
lution.   Aboriginal.    Abortion.    Abrasion.   Collateral. 

2.  Abscision.    Absolute.    Absolve.    Abstinent.    Abstruse.    Abu- 
sive.   Academic.    Action.    Accessory.    College. 

3.  Expect.    Accept.    Acclaim.  Accustom.  Acephalous.  Acetify. 
Acoustics.    Acrimonious.    Commonplace. 

4.  Adjourn.    Adjudicate.    Adjutant.    Adam.    Admit.     Admiral. 
Adumbrage.    Admonitory.    Adorn.    Advocacy.    Co-operation. 

5.  Aggregate.    Agriculture.   Alchemist.  Allege.  Algebra.   Alive. 
Alva.    Allegiance.     Radiance.    Criminal. 

6.  Experience.     Allegory.     Alteration.     Alliteration.     Allusive. 
Fee -simple.    Offspring.    Alpine.    Alto.    Damage. 

7.  Amaranthine.    Amalgam.    Ambergris.    Ambidextrous.     Am- 
monia.   Analogous.    Analyze.     Dismissal. 

8.  Analysis.      Anathema.     Annoyance.     Alliance.     Apparition. 
Appurtenance.    Archaism.    Dishonorable. 

9.  Archetype.    Aristocrat.    Arrange.   Army.    Assiduity.    Aspect. 
Enrage.    Enrich.    In  reply.    Dissipation. 

10.  In  response.     In  regard.     In  respect.     In  return.     Assume. 
Asthma.    Assuasive.    Dispensation.    Fumes.    Famous. 

11.  Asterisk.    Edify.    Epidermic.     Epistolary.     Escapade.     Es- 
pouse.   Essentially.    Estrange.    Etiquette.   Excision.   Eccentricity. 

12.  Execrate.     Excrete.     Exonerate.      Extemporaneous.     Opu- 
lence.   Apt.    Ebbed.    Abed.    Oft,  aft.    Act.    Extermination. 

13.  Lawfully.     Rueful.     Rainfall.     Painful.     Hovel.    Skillful. 
Rather.    Hither.    Lather. 

14.  Weather.    Muffles.    Drivel.    Flake.    Flicker.    Flops.    Flop- 
per.    Fluff.     Fling.    Flames. 

15.  Guam.     Guano.     Aguinaldo.     Action.    Occasion.    Caution. 
Carry.    Corea. 

16.  Somewhere.      Nowhere.      Pity.     Piety.     Dullest.     Duelist. 
Twixt. 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


35 


5  •-• 


10 


12 


13 


r 


1  . 


L-Z 


,   s<v 


V  •  \ 


.  ^^> 


15 


16 


;. 


SCIENTIFIC   SHORTHAND. 


LESSON  XIX. 

51.  Provision   has    already   been    made    for   the  correct  writ- 
ing of  all  words  beginning  with   consonants,  and  with  the    short 
sounds  of  vowels,  without  employing   First   Position.      All  words 
beginning  with  long  vowel  sounds   are  written   in   First  Position ; 
and  the  initial  strokes,  written  in  such  position,  are  vowel  strokes. 

52.  In  First  Position,  the  strokes  F  and  L,  represent  A;  stroke 
K  represents  E ;   strokes  M  and  N  Represent  I ;   stroke  T  represents 
O;  stroke  P  represents  U;  stroke  Sh  represents  Oi,  oy;  strokes  Th 
and  S  represent  Ou,  ow;    stroke    Ch   represents  Oo;    and  stroke 
Ray  represents  Auf  aw. 

53.  Vowel  strokes  are  shaded  to  add  R,  and  shortened  to  add 
T  and  D.     A  small  initial  hook  (like  coalescent  R  hook  on  conso- 
nant strokes)  written  on  vowel  strokes  A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  Au,  expres- 
->es    coalescing    N.     A   large   initial   hook  on  strokes  A,  E,  O,  U, 
and  Au,  and  a  small  initial  hook  on  M  form  of  I  expresses  coalesc- 
i.ig   M.     Vowel   strokes  modified  by   initial  M  and  N  hooks  may 
represent  both  long  and  short  vowel  sounds.   Vowel  strokes  length- 
ened indicate  a  vowel  sound  following.     Stroke  Oo  used  initially 
must  be  dotted. 

1.  Amy.    Avery.    Ague.    Abram.    Angel.  Arts.    Arthur.    Hair. 

2.  Arranges.    Ardor.    Arbors.     Arrives.     Sane.      Stair.     Wear, 
ware.    Heart.    Yard.    Aces. 

3.  Even.     Ether.     Enoch.     Ely.     East.     Easy.     Era.     Eagles. 

4.  Ina,    I   know.       Ivy.      Irish.      Ireland.     Icy.     Ibex.       Idle. 
Idolatry. 

5.  Or.    Organs.    Stores.    Owns.    Owner.   Oceans.   Order.   Oath. 
Omega.    Omaha. 

6.  Use.    Ewer,  your,  you  are.     Yourself.    Yourselves.     Stewer. 
Europe.    Earth.    Early.    Earthenware.    Iowa.    I'll,  I  will. 

7.  Oils.    Oily.    Oilest.     Soils.     Oiled.     Out.      Our.      Ourselves. 
Onr'n,  our  own.    Your  own.    Outer.    Ouch. 

8.  Owls.    Owly.    Outbreak.  Outride.    Outgrown.   Outbid.   Out- 
fit.   Outward.    Outlook.    Outlive. 

9.  Outset.    Outshine.    Outrage.    Outside.    Outspoken.     Outwit. 
Awning.    Sawn.    Author. 

10.  Easiness.  Icicles.  Easement.  Isaac.  A.  B.  Smith.  E.  P.  Ray. 

11.  Yore.       Wore.      Orland.      Oranges.      Erratic.       Ethiopian. 
Eucharist.    Eulogist. 

12.  Euphony.    Eureka.     Evades.      Event.      Evenly.      Eyelash. 

13.  Enclosure.    Engineer.    Enrages.    Envelope.    Entreats.    En- 
vious.   Environ. 

14.  Impious.     Imminent.     Immigration.   Imagine.    Import.   Im- 
pose.   Incur.    Indicate. 

15.  Inferior.  Infidel.  Intelligence.  Intemperate.  Invalid.  Invoice 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


37 


1    T 


2     . 


u 


6    . 


Q 


10      . 


11   . 


12    . 


13 


14    . 


15 


16 


1       1 


V 


v 


— D 


L 


J  . 

S 


C^ 


448346 


38  SCIENTIFIC   SHORTHAND. 

LESSON  XX. 

54.  The  vowel  strokes  maybe  employed  medially  and  finally, 
and  where  so  used,  they  are  preceded  by  a  large  circle,  the  size  of 
the  St  circle,  to  distinguish  them  from  the  consonant  strokes. 

55.  The  vowel  strokes,  in  detached  form,  may  be  written  in- 
to the  consonant  outlines  of  words.     Detached  vowel  strokes  are 
made    about    one -quarter    length.     Unshaded,   they  express  short 
vowel  sounds;  shaded,  they  express  long  vowel  sounds.    Detached 
vowels  are  written  on  the  left  hand,  and  the  upper  side  of  strokes 
where  the  vowels   they  express  occur  before  the  consonants ;  and 
they  are  written   on  the  right  hand  and  the  under  side  of  strokes 
where  the  vowel  sounds,  they  express,  occur  after  the  consonants. 

56.  Vowel  strokes  in  connected  form,  are  but  seldom  used ; 
the  more  convenient  method  being  the  employment  of  detached 
vowel  strokes. 

1.  Abominate.    Buffalo.   Absence.   Accede.   Addison.   Admired. 
Afar.    Afford.    Afoot.    Groove. 

2.  Alliance.    Alloy.    Analyze.    Annual.    Aside.    Assigned.   As- 
signable.   Assignor. 

3.  Associate.    Banjo.   Bareness.   Cashmere.  Cauterize.  Co-heir. 
Bower.    Dowered.     Showers.    Essay. 

4.  Drawee.    Drayage.    Lemonade.    Score.    Shore.  Snore.   Pow- 
der-box.   Respire.    Retires. 

5.  Terrorize.    Thaw.    Accelerate.     Accuser.    Acquiesce.    Actu- 
ary.   Acuteness.    Adducing.    Adored.    Adulatory. 

6.  Alloy.    Appall.    Appeal.    Appellee.    Applaud.    Apriori.    As- 
signed.   Assignable.    Assignor.    Associate.    Bailment. 

7.  Bareness.     Boundless.     Bundles.     Boiler.     Boils.     Bracelet. 
Bridal.  t  Broadside.     Broadsword.    Brother-in-law.    By -street. 

8.  Bygone.     Confucious.     Connivance.     Consignee.     Counting- 
house.    Course.    Deceit.    A.  B.  Dickens.  O.  U.  Rose.  I.  E.  Down. 

9.  Defiles.     Defraud.    Desirability.    Designer.    Disloyalty.   Dis- 
guise.   Essay.    Espousal.    Milwaukee.    Bismarck. 

10.  Exile.      Explore.     Explores.      Farm-house.      Fee -simple. 
Fireman.    Fire-proof.    Fire-engine.    Forecast. 

11.  Foremost.    Formal.    Pierce.    Laura.    Daniel.  James.   Mary. 
Polk.    Elaine.    Mexico. 

12.  Millionaire.    Narrowest.    Ossify.    Paralyze.    Partisan.    Per- 
petual.   Piano.     Pig-iron. 

13.  Piracy.     Platform.    Police.   Powder-box.   Prematurely.  Pre- 
cept.   Precipice.     Precipitate.    Precision.    Predominate. 

14.  Presently.     Renown.    Repute.     Requirement.    Resign.    Re- 
source.- Retirement.    Retort.    Richardson. 

15.  Rainfall.     Secure.     Shareholder.     Shallow.     Smart-money. 
Suffocate.    Superior.    Superstructure.    Swerves.    Sweetoil. 


SCIENTIFIC   SHORTHAND. 


39 


\ 


7    V 


10 


11 


12 


13 


14 


15    A- 


16  . 


b 


A 


^  Vv 


cj  :  <jp.  . 


/A 


i 

P    c\->r~- 


.-  c\- 


X 


40  SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


LESSON  XXI. 

57.  The  initial  syllables  an,  en,  in,  on,  un,  preceding  .X  may 
be  represented  by  a  large  initial  hook. 

58.  Shortened  A  stroke,  and  shortened  and  shaded  E,  I,  U 
strokes  with  initial  N  hooks  express  ante,  anti;  enter,  endor;  inter, 
intro,   indor;    under,    respectively.     Stroke  O  shaded,  with  small 
initial    hook    on    regular  side    expresses    the  initial  syllable  over. 
Stroke  Au  with  small  initial  hook  on  regular  side  expresses  the  ini- 
tial syllables  for,  fore.     The   initial  N  and  M  hooks  on  stroke  C 
expresses  .n,  -n,  .m,  -m  after  the  sound  expressed  by  C  stroke. 

59.  The  sound  of  C,  sy,  cy,  initial,  may  be  represented  by  the 
Cha  stroke,  written  in  First  Position.     C  stroke  may  be  shaded  to 
add  .r;  it  may  be  used  medially  and  finally;  but,   where  so   em- 
ployed, it  is  preceded  by  a  small  circle  to  distinguish  it  from  stroke 
Ch,  or  when  shaded,  from  stroke  J.     Strokes  Cha  and  J  occuring 
medially  and  finally,  preceded  by  coalescent  S  circle,  are  dotted  to 
distinguish  them  from  strokes  C  and  C.r.       The  non- coalescent  S 
circle,  joined  initially  to  strokes  written  in  Second  Position,  is  fol- 
lowed immediately  by  a  long  vowel  sound,  and  the   stroke   is  not 
followed  immediately  by  a  vowel  sound.     Where  a  vowel  follows 
the  stroke,  the  initial  sound  of  S  is  expressed  by  the  stroke  C. 

1.  Annex.    Annexation.    Inexcusable.    Inexhaustible.     Inexist- 
ent.     Inexpedient.    Inexpensive.    Inexorable. 

2.  Inexperienced.    Inexplicable.    Inexplicit.    Inexpressible.   In- 
extricable.   Unexceptionable. 

3.  Unexpected.     Interfere.     Intermingle.     Intermit.     Interview. 
Intermixed.    Interdict.    Interjection. 

4.  Intercept.     International.     Introduction.     Introspection.     In- 
dorse.   Indorsee.    Indorsement.    Indorser.    Enterprise. 

5.  Entertainment.    Endorse.    Endorser.    Endorsement.     Under- 
takes.   Undergo.   Underwriter.  Underbrush.  Underhand.  Underlie. 

6.  Underground.      Underlines.     Undermine.     Underneath.     Un- 
derpin.   Underrate.     Underscore.     Understand.     Undertone. 

7.  Contradict.    Contraband.    Contribution.    Counteract.    Count- 
ermine.    Countermarch.     Counterfeit.     Countermands.     Confined. 

8.  Cession.    Setter.     Seals.    Sieve.     Seen.     Sir.     Surd.     Serves. 
Serpent.    Server.    Sorry.    Civil. 

9.  Seedy.    Seamy.    Seavey.    Seeley.     Baser.     Absurd.     No  Sir. 

10.  Placer.     Spacer.      Desertion.      Deserters.      Chaser.     Racer. 

11.  Soap.    Seed.    Seedy.    Soapy.   Seat,  sight,  suit.   Sage.    Seek. 
Safe.  Saves.    Sayeth,  soweth,  sueth. 

12.  Same,  seem.    Sane,  seen,  sign,  sown.    Saber.    Cedar.   Sage. 
Sager.    Seekers.    Safer.    Savior. 

13.  Spurgeon.     Spermatic.     Spark.     Stark.     Starlight.     Starve. 

14.  Scar.     Starch.     Stormy.     Storm.      Skillful.     Schoolmaster. 

15.  Scalds.    Scalper.    Sterling.    Scolder.   Scale.   Sickly.   Cycles. 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


41 


r..L   .•*     V 


9   . 


10 


> 


O 
11 


12 


13 


14 


15 


16 


C^_p 


( .  * 


r. 


( 


•    Y 


.  •  t    e. 


42  SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


LESSON  XXII. 

60.  The  normal  length  strokes  P,  B,  K,  G,  M,  Th,  followin; 
F-v  and  N  hooks  indicate  vowel  sounds  preceding  the  strokes  or 
following  the  hooks. 

61.  The  syllables  form  final,   m.tic,   and  ft.ct  may  be    ex- 
pressed by  lengthened   F,  half-length  M  joined  to  K,  and  Fl  loop 
joined  regularly  or  angularly  to  preceding  strokes,  respectively. 

62 .  Fer,  ver,  and  ther  may  be   represented  by  the  respective 
strokes  F,  V,  and  Th  written  through  the  preceding  part  of  a  word. 

1.  Antipathy.      Antipodes.      Antiquity.     Ante -chamber.    Anti- 
slavery.    Anti-type.    Antiquate.    Anniversary. 

2.  Anodyne.    Anterior.     Ante-diluvian.     Ante -room.     Anthra- 
cite.   Antic.    Anti- christ.    Antidote.    Antonym.    Enchains. 

3.  Encircle.      Enclose.      Enable.      Enact.      Enamor.      Encore. 
Encourage. 

4.  Encompass.      Encomiast.     Encroach.      Encyclopaedia.      En- 
deavor.   Endow.    Enemy. 

5.  Energetic.     Enfold.     Engineer.      Enigmatic.     Enmity.     En- 
nobles.   Enough. 

6.  Imagination.    Immigrant.    Imbark.    Imbecile.     Imbibe.     Im- 
bosom.    Image. 

7.  Imbower.    Imitate.    Immature.    Immense.    Immerge.    Imme- 
thodical.    Imminence.    Immobility. 

8.  Immoderate.      Immovable.      Impale.      Impare.      Impartially. 
Impassable.    Impeach. 

9.  Imperative.      Imperceivable.      Imperishable.       Impersonate. 
Impertinent.    Impetuous. 

10.  Impious.      Implore.      Imposture.      Impromptu.       Inactive, 
Inaccuracy.    Inaction. 

11.  Inability.    Inadequate.    Inapproachable.     Inasmuch.     Inat- 
tentive.   Inborn.    Incendiary.    Incest. 

12.  Incestuous.     Incidental.     Inconvenience.     Incredible.      In- 
crustate.    Unending.    Undenied. 

13.  Panic.    Runic.    Defection.    Unclose.   Uncle.    Unhorse.  Un- 
lace.   Unlearn.    Unlike.    Forward.    Forbid. 

14.  Forge.  Forget.  Forgives.  Forsake.  Forth.  Fortitude.  Fortify. 

15.  Overcast.    Overtakes.    Overcoat.  Overturn.   Perform.   Con- 
form.   Reflect.    Deflect.    Conflict. 

16.  Pursue.      Decease.      Precise.      Concise.      Pursues.      Ooze. 
Civility.    Chromatic. 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


43 


2    . 


n 


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- 


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10 


11 


jr 


13 


14 


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44  SCIENTIFIC  SHORTHAND. 

LESSON  XXIII. 

63.  The  following  lesson  may  be  taken  up  by  the  student,  if 
his  instructor  deem  it  best,  as  soon  as  the   first  six  lessons   are 
thoroughly  mastered. 

64.  A  few  of  the  most  frequently  used  words  are  represented 
by  a  partial  writing  of  the  words,  or  by  arbitrary  characters.    Such 
partial  outlines  and  arbitrary  characters  are  termed  WORD  SIGNS. 

65.  Lines  1,  2,  3  and  4,  below,  give  a  list  of  words,  the  word 
signs  for  which  are  the  initial  consonant  strokes  in  the  respective 
words.     lyines  5  and  6  give  words  represented  by  the  final  conso- 
nants, or  by  arbitrary  signs. 

66.  Second  Position  word  signs  may  be  joined  to  other  word 
signs,  even  where  such  phrasing,  or  joining,  takes  the  word  out 
of  Second   Position:   but,  generally,  in  phrasing,  First  and  Third 
Position  word  signs  must  be  initial.     The  comma  separates  words 
represented  by  the  same  word  sign.    Hyphenated  words,  given  be- 
low, are  phrased.     To  avoid  repitition,  words  and  phrases  having 
a  common  initial  word,  are  separated  by  the  comma. 

1.  Party.    Appoint,  opportunity.    Because.     Object.    Defendant. 
Advertise-d,  had.  Hope,  happy,  home.  Can,  fact.  For-m.   Ever-y. 
Think,  thing,  thank -ed. 

2.  Them.     Shall,  wish.    Issue.      May  be.     Important,  improve - 
ed-ment.    When.    Question,  require.     Except. 

3.  Are,  her.    We,  with.    Were,  whether.  What,  within.  Would. 
You.    You.    Ye,  yet.    Year. 

4.  Is,  his.     As,  has.     Is  it,  is  to.     That,  without.     Practical-ly. 
Practice,  property.     From. 

5.  Which.    L,arge,  gentlemen.    Advantage.    There,  their.     Was. 
Will.    Unwilling.  Acknowledge.   I.    Over.    Your.   Have,  however. 

6.  In,  any.      Of.      To.      Of  the.      Of  a-n.      He,  the.      Should. 
Who-m.    A,  an,  and.    But.   As  you.    Before. 

7.  We-have,  do,  shall,  think,  be,  wish,  judge,  had.      I  be,  do, 
think,  shall -do,  have. 

8.  With -this,  them,  which,  that,  the,  whom,  his.      Were -they. 

9.  I -shall -do,  shall -be,  shall -know,  shall -say,  have -that,  think. 

10.  What-is,  do,  had,  say,  can-be,  can -have.      Would-be,  do. 

11.  Is -the,  this,  that -the,  for -these.     As -the,  a,  have,  that. 

12.  Will -you -be,  do,  go,  have,  think -so,  say -that,  show,  these. 

13.  It-is-the,   would-be,  would-have,  will-be,  will-do,   is-so. 
If -you -can -be -the. 

14.  Which -the,  is -the,  can-do,  can -they,  would -go,  shall -take. 

15.  You-may,    may-be,    may-go,    can-do-the,    can -think -the. 

16.  There-is-the,  can-be-the,  fore,  at,  to,  by,  shall-be.     Have- 
you.    For -you.    Say -you. 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


45 


3    . 


5 


6   . 


10 


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14 
15 
16 


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4t>  SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


LESSON  XXIV. 

67.  The  word  sign  for  the  may  be  joined  to  other  words 
by  writing  it  in  the  direction  of  either  the  Ray  or  the  Cha  stroke,  so 
as  to  form  an  acute  angle.  A,  an,  and,  may  be  joined  to  other 
words  by  a  short  stroke,  written  in  the  direction  of  either  the  Kay 
or  the  T  stroke,  so  as  to  form  an  acute,  or  a  right  angle.  The 
sign  that  expresses  a  final  vowel  after  a  circle  may  be  used  to  ex- 
press the  word  the.  S  circle  may  be  joined  to  the  more  frequently 
used  word  signs  to  express  as,  has,  is,  his,  and  us.  The  words 
pay,  be,  it,  do,  day,  go,  make,  take,  have,  which,  think,  say,  you, 
the,  a-n,  show,  and  some  others  may  be  written  entirely  under  the 
ruled  line  to  express  the  word  to  preceding. 

1.  By  the.    Do  the.    Which  the.    For  the.    Have  the.     May  the. 
Had  the.    After  the.    Shall  the.    Will  the. 

2.  For  a-n.     Do  a-n.     Shall  a-n.     Go  a-n.     May  a-n.     Will  a. 
Can  a.    If  a.    There  a. 

3.  Does,  the.      Knows  the.      Says  the.      Shows  the.      It  is  the. 
There  is  the.    Which  is  the.    Where  is  the.    Goes  the. 

4.  To  pay  the.    To  be  the.    To  day,  to  do.  To  which  is  the.  To 
think.    To  make.     To  say  the.     To  it.     To  have  these.     To  this. 

5.  At  the  time.     At  that  time.     On  that  day.     This  day.    These 
days.      And  do  you.     We  think  that  is  the.    For  that  is  the.     You 
may  go. 

6.  By  the  way.    For  the  way.    On  the  way.    If  the  way.    In  the 
way.  Do  you  go.  Do  you  think.  Which  of  us  should  go  there  now. 

7.  For  a  long  time.     However  you  may  think.     It  is  much  less 
now.    Will  you  do  this.    What  do  you  think  you  can  do  with  this. 

8.  These  parties  are  right.    Do  you  object  to  it  to -day.    I  beg  to 
say  to  you.    Do  you  think  he  will  do  so.    Do  they  know  who  he  is. 

9.  Will  they  be  here  this  day.    This  is  the  defendant  in  this  case. 
He  is  the  party  I  saw  there  to-day. 

10.  Which  will  you  have?    Which  of  them  will  you  take  with 
you?    Take  advantage  of  that  time.    It  is  a  large  box. 

11.  Do  you  think  you   have   any  advantage  in  this  case.    Can 
they  see  us  now?    You  can  be  there  with  them. 

12.  The  fact  is,  that  we  can  go  with  him.     I  hope  that  you  will 
go  and  see  them  in  her  new  home. 

13.  I  have  the  case  for  him.    They  are  much  too  large.    Was  he 
here  at  that  time? 

14.  I  know  that  it  is  wrong  for  me  to  do  so.    They  may  be  here 
with  him  this  time.  When  will  you  come? 

15.  I  do  think  that  is  the  way  from  this  place.      You  may  ques- 
tion him  if  they  require  it  of  you. 

16.  Am  I  in  the  way?    Whom  do  you  see  there?     Who  may  be 
there?    I  shall  do  without  them. 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


47 


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VI 


48  SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


LESSON  XXV. 

68.  This  lesson  gives  additional  word  signs  and  abbreviated 
out-lines  for  a  number  of  very  frequently  used  words.  They 
should  be  thoroughly  committed  to  memory  and  employed  in  all 
future  writing. 

1.  Usual -ly.      Unusual -ly.    Long,   along,    language.    Objection. 
Awhile.    Aware,  we  are.    Opinion.    Remember-ed.    Number-ed. 

2.  Belong.    Believe.    Behalf,  behave.    Behind.     Behold,  beheld. 
Appear.    Attract.    During,  dear.    Large.    Larger.    Danger.   Partic- 
ular-ly.    Dollar.    Other,  either. 

3.  Able.    More,  mere,  Mr.    Nor,  near.    Longer.    Herein.    Here- 
after.   Heretofore.    General -ly.    Bank.    Bankruptcy.     Bankrupt. 

4.  Establish -ed-ment.    Astonish -ed-ment.   Especial-ly.   Rather. 
Govern-ed.    Government.     Governmental.     Ignorant.     Ignorance. 

5.  Principle- pal -ly.    Possibility,  possibly -ble.    People,  compel. 
Until,  it  willr  at  all.   Angel.  Difficult-y.   Real-ly,  rule.   Avail,  evil. 
Only.    Unless.    Capable. 

6.  Consequent.    Frequent.    Consequence.    Consequences.     Con- 
dition.   Construct.     Construction.     Contain.     Denominate -erl-tion. 
Generation.    Regeneration.    Degeneration. 

7.  Nevertheless.    Remembrance.     Religious.     Superiority.     Su- 
perintend-ent.    Set-off.    Suggest-ed.     Tuition.     Value.     Children. 
Subject. 

8.  Subordinate-ed.    Consider.    Consideration.    In  consideration, 
in  the  consideration.      Represent -ed.      Representative.     Differ -ed- 
ence-ent.   Together.    Pleasure.  Beforehand.   Somewhat.   Sometime. 

9.  Ordinary.      Between.      Immediate -ly.      Public.     Publication. 
Change.      Exchange.      Re-exchange.      Purpose,  perhaps.      Enter, 
entire.    Peculiar-ly.    Secure. 

10.  Forever.    Formal.    Former.    Whoever.   Whomsoever.   How- 
soever.   Whichever.     Whichsoever. 

11.  Influence.    Spirit.   Gentlemen.   Agent.    Toward.    Certain -ly- 
ty.    Endeavor-ed.     Necessity.    Intelligent-ence.    Intellect-ual. 

12.  System.    Season.    Utility.    Perform.     Performance.     Appro- 
priate.     Accomplish.       Accompany.      Negotiable.      Negotiability. 
Negotiable  paper. 

12.  Scripture.      Sufficient.     Sufficiency.     Plaintiff.      Revelation. 
Revolution.    Signature.    Singular-ity.    Notwithstanding. 

14.  Peculiar-ity.    Business.    Capable -bility.    Conveyance.   Con- 
venience.   Christian.     Familiar-ity. 

15.  Magnificent -cence.    Kingdom.    Apostle.    Epistle.    Acquire- 
ed.    Inquire -d.    Abbreviate.    Accessible. 

16.  Accuracy.    Accurate.     Adjacent.     Adjustment.     Advisable. 
Affidavit.    Individual -ly-ality.     Allowance.    Advancement. 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


49 


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V  \  A 


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>» 

7      -^yo 


A 

l 


t 


C 0 


10 


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12 


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V, 


50  SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 

LESSON  XXVI. 

Downward  R  stroke  initial,  in  Second  Position,  preceding  M 
and  Mp-b,  need  not  be  dotted  to  distinguish  it  from  stroke  W; 
because  stroke  W  initial  need  never  be  used  before  strokes  M, 
Mp-b — the  brief  W  being  employed  exclusively  in  such  cases. 

L-loop  joined  either  regularly  or  angularly  may  be  used  ini- 
tially or  medially  where  its  use  gives  a  more  facile  outline  than  the 
stroke  L  gives.  Words  employing  initial  L  loop  may  be  written  in 
Second  Position,  where  the  initial  vowel  is  long;  and  in  Third  Po- 
sition, where  the  initial  vowel  is  short. 

Medial  N  and  F-v  hooks  may  be  lengthened  to  indicate  a  vow- 
el following,  where  such  vowel  is  not  indicated  by  the  stroke  fol- 
lowing the  hook,  and  where  the  use  of  the  strokes  N,  F-V  do  not 
give  a  facile  outline. 

Words  may  be  written  so  as  to  suppress  a  medial  unaccented 
vowel  sound  where  such  suppression  shortens  the  outline,  or  ren- 
ders it  more  facile;  and  where  it  does  not  radically  change  the 
pronunciation  of  the  word. 

Lines  8  and  9  give  additional  word  signs  and  abbreviated  out- 
lines. 

1.  Roomy.    Ramble.  Ramify.  Rampart.  Ramrod.  Ranch.  Range. 
Remainder.    Remark.    Re -marry.   Reminiscence. 

2.  Remissible.    Remission.     Remonstrate.     Remunerative.    Ro- 
man.   Ruminate.    Rummage.    Icicle.    Risible.    Illusive. 

3.  Locate.    Leagued.    Log,   lug,   leg.    Lake,    leak,    like.    Lack, 
lick,   luck,   look.     Lame,  lime,  loom,  loam.     Limb.    Lamp,  lump, 
limp.    Lena,  luna.    Line.    Leeway.    Leaf.    Loop.    Lap,  lip,  lop. 

4.  Lobe.    Late,  light,  loot.    Laity.    Lit.     Laid,  lead,  lied.     Lad, 
led,  lid.    Liege.    Lodge.    Laugh.    Lave,  leave.    Live,  love.    Loth, 
lithe.    Lathe,  loathe.    Lath.    Lull.    Lily-    Leaper.    Lopper. 

5.  Lighter.    Leader.    Ladder.    Ledger.    Leaker.    Locker.     Lag- 
ger.  Lumber.   Linger,  longer.   Loafer.   Lover.   Definite.   Defection. 

6.  Defend.   Defecate.   Deference.   Deferential.   Deficit.  Deficient. 
Defamation.    Diffidence.    Divinity.    Divulge.    Remediable.   Reme- 
diless.   Inevitable. 

7.  Arable.  Abbreviate.  Inflict,  inflect.  Inflection.  Deflect.   Aus- 
terity.   Authentic.    Authenticity.    Auxiliary.    Element. 

8.  One.    All.     Beyond.    Yonder.    Young,  to  you.     As  you.     As 
you  are.    As  all.    As  will.    The  other.    Opinion,  open.    A,  agent, 
again.    Against.    Able.    Able  to. 

9.  Each.  Even.   Eleemosynary.  Brevity.  Alleviate.   Only.  Two. 
Already.   Probably.  Community.   Responsibility -ies.  Soon.  Soon- 
er.   vSame. 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


51 


10 


(o       . 


13 


14 


15 


16 


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52  SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 

LESSON  XXVII. 

1.  The  word  not  is  expressed  by  N-hook  on  half  length 
word  signs  as  shown  in  line  1.  The  word  been  is  expressed  by  N- 
hook  on  the  word  signs  have  and  had.  The  word  own  is  expressed 
by  N-hook  on  all  personal  pronouns,  except  those  ending  in  S. 
The  N-hook  on  compound  personal  pronouns  expresses  an,  and. 
The  N-hook  on  the  word  signs  for,  if,  know,  in,  any,  where,  when, 
may,  be,  do,  can,  will,  see,  was,  shall,  and  some  others,  expresses 
the  word  one.  The  words  do,  which,  may,  where,  why,  when, 
there,  so,  for,  if,  and  have  may  be  shortened  to  add  the  word  it. 
The  L-loop  on  the  words  pay,  by,  do,  had,  at,  may,  know,  for,  if, 
have,  where,  can,  why,  shall,  that,  which,  there,  now,  they,  expres- 
ses the  word  all.  The  L,-loop  on  the  words  it,  which,  that,  they, 
you,  there,  how,  I,  he,  she,  it,  expresses  the  word  will.  The  sy 
ending  on  the  words  /,  you,  we,  they,  shall,  can,  will,  may,  now, 
could,  do,  did,  do  not,  did  not,  could  not,  expresses  see.  The  F 
hook  on  the  words  who,  where,  which,  what,  expresses  the  word 
ever.  The  St-circle  on  the  words  why,  when,  where,  nor,  do, good, 
great,  for,  few,  far  and  some  others  expresses  is  it,  as  it,  has  it. 

1.  Do  not.    Will  not.    Can  not.   May  not.  Are  not.    We  are  not. 
We  will  not.    If  not.    Why  not.    But  not.    Or  not.    Be  not.     Have 
not.    Think  not.    Had  not.    Did  not.    Could  not. 

2.  Have  been.    Had  been.    Has  been.    It  has  been.    Which  has 
been.     There  has  been.     Who  has  been.     Where  has  been.      Her 
own.     Thy  own.     Our  own.     Your  own.     My  own.     Their  own. 
His  own.    Its  own. 

3.  Myself  an-d.    Himself  an-d.    Yourself  an-d.    Herself  an-d. 
Itself  an-d.     For  one.     If  one.     In  one.     Know   one.    Any  one. 
Where  one.    When  one.    Why  one.    Will  one. 

4.  Do  one.    Had  one.    Can  one.    So  one.    Was  one.    Shall  one. 
Do  it.    Which  it.    May  it.    Where  it.    Why  it.   When  it.   There  it. 
So  it.    For  it.    If  it.    Have  it. 

5.  Pay  all.    Be -by  all.    Do  all.    Are  all.    Had  all.    At  all.    May 
all.    Know   all.    For  all.    If  all.    Where   all.    Can   all.    Why  all. 
Shall  all.    Have  all.    That  all. 

6.  Which  all.    If  all.    There  all.   Know-now  all.   It  will.   Which 
will.    There  will.    How  will.    They  will.    That  will.     I  will.     He 
will.    She  will.    You  will.    We  will.    I  see.    They  see.    You  see. 

7.  Will  see.    Now  see.    May  see.    Could  see.    Do  see.   Did  see. 
Did  not  see.    Could  not  see.     He  sees  the.    Which  sees.     Which- 
ever.   Whatever.    Whoever.    Whereever. 

8.  When  is  it.    Why  is  it.  Where  is  it.  Which  is  it.    He  has  it. 
Who  has  it.    Nor  is  it.    Do  as  it.     And  as  it.    Where  is  it.    For  as 
it.    As  good  as.    As  good  as  it  is.    As  few  as  the. 

9.  As  many  as  the.     As  many  as  it  is.     As  many   as  there   is. 
As  soon  as.     As  long  as.     As  long  as  it  is.     As  long  as  they  are. 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


53 


15 


16 


54  SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


LESSON  XXVIII. 

The  words  we,  with,  were,  what,  and  would,  represented  by 
brief  W,  each  in  its  position,  may  be  enlarged  to  add  any  one  of 
the  other  words  mentioned,  represented  by  brief  W.  The  word- 
sign  for  you  opening  upward  is  enlarged  to  add  would;  and  the  sign 
for  you  opening  downward  is  enlarged  to  add  were.  The  word- 
signs  for  with  and  were  are  enlarged  and  inclined  upward  to 
add  you;  and  the  word -signs  for  what  and  would  are  enlarged  and 
inclined  downward  to  add  you.  The  word  consideration,  in  phras- 
es may  be  expressed  by  s.dation.  The  F-hook  on  signs  for  and, 
all  and  which  adds  0/and  have.  The  L,-hook  on  and,  of,  and  to 
adds  all. 

Note  the  manner  of  writing  of  what,  to  what,  all  would,  and 
what,  and  would,  all  would,  etc.  The  student  should  memorize 
any  abbreviated  outlines  and  word -signs  that  may  appear  in  any  of 
the  advanced  lessons. 

1.  We  were,  we  would,  with  what.     Were  we.     What  we,  what 
were,  what  would.  Would  we.    You  would.  You  were.  With  you. 
Were  you.    What  you.  Would  you.    All  of,  all  have.    And  of,  and 
if.  And  all  of.   Of  all.  All  will.  All  are,  all  our.  To  our,  two  or. 

2.  Consideration.     No  consideration.     For  consideration.     That 
consideration.     This  consideration.     Their  consideration.     Which 
consideration.    These  considerations.    In  consideration.    Any  con- 
sideration.  What  consideration.    Valuable  consideration.    Twelve. 
One.    Once. 

3.  He  would  be.     He  would  do.    Who  would.    All  were.    All 
would.     All  would  be.    All  would  do.    Of  what.    To  what.     And 
what.  And  what  is- his.  And  what  is  the.  And  would.  And  would 
his.    Two  of.    Two  or,  to  our. 

4.  Two  or  more.    Two  or  three.    Three  or  four.    Four  or  five. 
Five  or  six.    Six  or  seven.    Seven  or  eight.    Eight  or  nine.    Nine 
or  ten.    Ten  or  eleven.    What  is  the. 

5.  More  than.     More  than  one.     Better  than.      Greater   than. 
Memorandum  of  agreement.    In  what  case.     In  such  instance.    On 
the  way.    With  us. 

6.  In  relation.     In  referring  the.     It  must  be.     It   must  not  be. 
Gentlemen  of  the  jury.  Over  charge.  As  a  matter  of  fact.   Accord- 
ing to  the.    If  the  court  please.    As  near  as.     Cross  examination. 

7.  Almighty  God.    Jesus  Christ.     Savior  of  the  world.      Son  of 
man.     On   the  other  hand.     On  the   one  hand.     On  either  hand. 
Holy  Ghost.        > 

8.  You  were  there  were  you.     What  we  want  is  this.    We  will 
be  with  you.    You  would  go  there  with  us.    You  would  get  it.   We 
would  do  all  of  that. 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


55 


CD 


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V 


56  SCIENTIFIC   SHORTHAND. 


PRACTICE   MATTER. 


When  a  new  enterprise  is  to  be  undertaken,  or  a  new  field  of 
labor  to  be  entered  upon,  it  should  receive  the  careful  considera- 
tion of  the  person  who  proposes  to  engage  in  it.  The  eastern 
farmer  who  goes  into  the  far  West  to  locate  and  improve  a  home- 
stead for  himself  and  family,  knows  full  well  that  he  must  take 
upon  himself,  and  put  upon  those  who  accompany  him,  hardships 
and  self  denials  with  which  they  were  before  un- acquainted. 

Years  of  unceasing  toil  and  unsatisfied  desires  must  pass  be- 
fore the  realization  of  his  plans,  in  the  comforts  of  a  "well -tilled" 
farm  and  good  society,  can  be  enjoyed.  But  all  these  sacrifices 
are  made  cheerfully,  because  of  the  firm  faith  that  the  good  time 
hoped  for  will  surely  come. 

In  like  manner,  the  young  man  who  decides  to  follow  one  of 
the v professions,  soon  discovers  that,  if  he  would  become  master 
of  it,  and  place  himself  at  the  head  of  his  chosen  calling,  he  must 
first  spend  years  of  hard  study  in  preparation.  This  he  does  in 
the  faith  that  ultimately  he  will  reach  the  desired  position.  Thus 
we  see  that  it  is  an  inexorable  law  that  no  great  good  can  be  se- 
cured without  earnest  and  persistent  effort. 

You  are  about  to  enter  upon  a  course  of  study  preparatory  to 
engaging  in  some  active  business  enterprise.  The  very  fact  of 
your  putting  yourself  in  the  position  of  a  pupil,  is  an  admission  on 
your  part  that  you  are  ignorant  of  certain  things  which  you  desire 
to  know.  It  is  also  an  admission  that  your  teacher  is,  or  ought  to 
be,  better  qualified  than  yourself. 

You  have  voluntarily  taken  upon  yourself  the  duties  and  obli  - 
gations  of  a  student,  and  there  is  now  an  implied  contract  between 
yourself  and  your  instructor  that  you  will  faithfully  and  earnestly 
apply  yourself  to  the  work  before  you.  Your  success  depends 
mainly  on  your  own  efforts.  No  one  has  a  right  to  do  for  you 
what  you  should  do  for  yourself.  Self-help  is  the  best  possible 
help  in  obtaining  an  education. 

The  province  of  your  teacher  should  be  to  point  out  to  you 
the  course  you  are  to  pursue,  and  to  see  that  you  do  your  work 
honestly  and  well.  It  is  no  part  of  his  duty  to  do  your  work  for 
you;  indeed,  if  he  should  do  so,  he  would  do  you  a  positive  injury. 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


57 


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V.t'.l-: 


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58  SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


You  must  do  your  own  thinking,  and  the  sooner  you  learn  to 
control  your  thoughts  the  better.  To  learn  well  requires  a  con- 
centration of  the  mind  upon  the  subject  of  study.  To  establish  the 
power  of  will  over  mind  is  a  great  achievement  to  the  student,  and 
the  faculty  of  so  doing  should  be  diligently  cultivated.  Unless  you 
can  fix  your  thoughts  upon  your  studies,  and  keep  them  there,  you 
will  make  but  poor  progress.  When  you  come  into  the  school- 
room banish  all  thought  of  the  outside  world,  and  of  surrounding 
circumstances,  and  give  your  whole  mind  earnestly  to  the  prose- 
cution of  your  studies. 

Be  honest ;  be  independent ;  do  not  try  to  steal  your  work  from 
the  books  of  other  pupils,  for  in  so  doing  you  only  cheat  yourself. 
Begin  with  the  determination  that  you  will  lean  on  no  one — but 
yourself. 

Look  upon  your  teacher  as  your  best  friend,  and  receive  his 
suggestions  with  kindness.  Do  not  be  discouraged  if  you  cannot 
comprehend  everything  in  one  day,  or  in  one  week.  It  is  an  old 
proverb  that  "it  is  darkest  just  before  the  dawn  of  day. "  Take 
courage,  and  let  your  courage  be  of  a  cheerful  character.  Faith  is 
a  wonderful  motive  power,  not  less  in  temporal  than  in  spiritual 
things.  If  a  young  man  makes  up  his  mind  that  he  will  accom- 
plish any  laudable  object,  and  bends  his  energies  to  the  task,  he  is 
almost  sure  to  succeed. 

The  special  course  of  study  you  are  about  to  enter  upon  is  not 
what  is  termed  a  liberal  education,  nor  is  it  all  that  one  needs  to 
pursue,  yet  the  advantages  to  be  derived  from  it  are  almost  incal- 
culable to  a  business  man.  But  the  benefit  you  will  derive  from 
it  will  depend  in  a  great  measure  upon  the  thoroughness  and  ac- 
curacy with  which  your  daily  progress  is  marked.  System  leads 
to  correct  and  rapid  execution,  and  is  an  indispensable  qualification 
to  a  good  business  man.  Simply  to  do  a  thing  is  not  all  that  is 
required,  but  to  do  it  well. 

The  work  that  you  are  to  perform  is  both  mental  and  manual, 
and  your  own  ideas  of  how  it  should  be  done  should  not  be  con- 
sidered as  infallible.  If  your  teacher  is  worthy  of  the  position  he 
occupies,  he  is  presumed  to  be  better  qualified  than  yourself  to 
judge  of  your  execution  and  progress,  and  every  suggestion  com- 
ing from  him  should  be  carefully  considered  and  scrupulously 
heeded. 


SCIENTIFIC   SHORTHAND. 


59 


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60  SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


A  faithful  teacher  takes  real  delight  in  the  true  progress  of  his 
pupils. 

There  is  probably  no  general  rule  that  has  not  its  exceptions, 
but  as  a  class  it  is  an  undeniable  fact  that  professional  teachers  are 
the  most  unselfish,  noble-minded  and  open-hearted  individuals  in 
the  community.  There  is  an  over-ruling  power,  "which  doeth  all 
things  well,"  that  leads  the  true  teacher  into  his  field  of  labor,  and 
kindly  sustains  him  in  the  good  work. 

Certainly  neither  the  love  of  wealth,  nor  any  other  merely 
worldly  ambition  could  induce  a  person  to  spend  his  life  in  a  pro- 
fession which  is  so  poorly  compensated,  while  there  are  thousands 
of  avenues  to  business  pursuits  which  are  less  annoying  and  ten- 
fold more  lucrative. 

It  is  written  that  "a  faithful  man  abound  with  blessings;  but 
he  that  maketh  haste  to  be  rich  shall  not  be  innocent."  The  faith- 
ful student  and  the  efficient  teacher  will  surely  find  their  reward ; 
if  not  in  material  prosperity,  it  will  come  in  the  acquisition  of  cul- 
ture, the  consciousness  of  duty  well  performed,  and  in  the  final 
approbation  and  "well  done  of  the  great  Master  when  their  work 
shall  be  ended." 

There  are  some  very  important  facts  which  have  a  direct  bear- 
ing upon  the  responsibilities  of  the  student,  and  which  may  very 
properly  be  mentioned  in  this  connection,  since  the  sooner  they 
are  realized  the  better.  Life,  at  its  longest,  is  but  short.  What  is 
to  be  done  you  should  do  with  earnestness.  Time  is  precious. 
Opportunities  are  limited.  Money  is  valuable.  You  will  not  be 
justified  in  squandering  your  money,  neglecting  your  opportunities, 
or  wasting  your  time. 

If  you  have  no  settled  plans  for  the  future,  it  would  be  well 
for  you,  at  least,  to  give  the  matter  your  careful  consideration,  and 
if  possible  decide  upon  a  course  to  pursue  which  shall  be  congenial 
to  your  feelings  and  worthy  of  your  best  endeavors.  Whatever 
may  be  your  choice  of  a  business  pursuit,  it  should  be  remembered 
that  the  better  you  are  qualified  for  it,  the  more  likely  will  you  be 
to  succeed  in  it. 

It  is  a  fact,  which  cannot  have  escaped  the  notice  of  anyone 
who  has  given  the  matter  any  thought,  that  those  who  are  best 
educated  for  their  business  calling  invariably  take  the  highest  po- 
sitions. A  business  education  has  a  wide  range  of  usefulness, 
and  cannot  fail  to  prove  advantageous,  even  to  the  most  humble 
individual. 

It  should  be  understood  that  to  acquire  a  good  business  educa- 
tion requires  many  qualifications,  and  that  these  qualifications  can- 
not be  obtained  without  close  application  and  diligent  study. 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


61 


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62  SCIENTIFIC   SHORTHAND. 


The  idea  that  the  education  in  question  can  be  secured  with- 
out much  personal  effort  should  not  be  entertained  for  a  moment. 

The  least  that  is  required  of  a  business  man  in  this  age  of  the 
world  is,  that  his  orthography  be  correct,  his  knowledge  of  gram- 
mar and  composition  be  acceptable ;  that  he  be  capable  of  accuracy 
and  rapidity  in  calculations,  and  be  a  good  penman.  These  ac- 
quirements— with  a  thorough  knowledge  of  accounts — are  indis- 
pensible  to  the  modern  business  man. 

The  acqusition  of  knowledge,  although  requiring  close  appli- 
cation, and  often  laborious  study,  seldom  fails  to  afford  the  student 
real  pleasure  and  substantial  profit.  Knowledge  is  varied,  and  is 
not  to  be  obtained  wholly  from  books. 

Much  benefit  may  be  derived  from  the  study  of  human  nature. 
Much  of  our  success  in  life  depends  upon  the  faculty  of  pleasing, 
and  of  being  pleased.  A  person  with  a  gloomy,  sullen  disposition, 
not  only  renders  himself  miserable,  but  makes  all  with  whom  he 
associates  uncomfortable;  while  in  the  case  of  a  person  who  is  ge- 
nial and  frank,  his  good  nature  becomes  infectious,  and  secures  for 
him  the  warmest  admiration  and  affection. 

The  amenities  of  life  should  be  seduously  cultivated.  Polite- 
ness is  a  cheap  accomplishment,  which  possesses  a  magic  power. 
Gentlemanly  conduct  is  always  in  place,  and  never  more  so  than  in 
the  school -room.  Vulgar  language  and  bad  manners  are  always 
out  of  place.  They  are  the  result  of  ignorance  and  ill -breeding, 
and  should  be  abandoned  at  once. 

You  are  engaged  in  a  good  work,  and  are  surrounded  by  those' 
who  take  a  sincere  interest  in  your  progress  and  welfare.  If  you 
are  true  to  yourself  you  will  be  diligent  in  your  studies,  remember- 
ing that  to  reach  the  summit  of  a  hill  you  must  mount  step  by 
step,  and  laboriously  accomplish  the  whole  ascent  before  you  at- 
tain the  view  point,  where  you  gather  in  all  the  beauties  and  bene- 
fits of  your  journey. 

You  are  now  toiling  up  the  hill  of  science.  L,et  your  progress 
be  marked  by  patient  and  persevering  effort,  even  though  difficul- 
ties meet  you  at  every  step.  Remember  that  "diligence  is  the 
mother  of  good  fortune."  Overcome  all  obstacles  until  you  reach 
the  view -point,  where  you  shall  be  fitted  in  the  best  possible  man- 
ner for  your  life  work,  and  you  will  have  no  reason  to  regret  the 
course  you  have  pursued. 

J.  C.  BRYANT. 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


63 


V,  . 


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64  SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


PRACTICE  MATTER. 


The  eloquence  of  John  Adams  resembled  his  general 
character,  and  formed,  indeed,  a  part  of  it.  It  was  bold, 
manly  and  energetic,  and  such  the  crisis  required.  When 
public  bodies  are  to  be  addressed  on  momentous  occasions,  when 
great  interests  are  at  stake,  and  strong  passions  excited,  noth- 
ing is  valuable  in  speech,  further  than  it  is  connected  with  high 
intellectual  and  moral  endowments.  Clearness,  force,  and  earnest- 
ness are  the  qualities  which  produce  conviction.  True  eloquence, 
indeed,  does  not  consist  in  speech.  It  cannot  be  brought  from  far. 
Labor  and  learning  may  toil  for  it,  but  they  will  toil  in  vain. 
Words  and  phrases  may  be  marshalled  in  every  way,  but  they  can- 
not compass  it.  It  must  exist  in  the  man,  in  the  subject,  in  the 
occasion.  Affected  passion,  intense  expression,  the  pomp  of  dec- 
lamation, all  may  aspire  after  it,  they  cannot  reach  it,  It  comes, 
if  it  comes  at  all,  like  the  outbreaking  of  a  fountain  from  the  earth, 
or  the  bursting  forth  of  volcanic  fires,  with  spontaneous,  original, 
and  native  force.  The  graces  taught  in  the  schools,  the  costly 
ornaments  and  studied  contrivances  of  speech,  shock  and  disgust 
men  when  their  own  lives  and  the  fate  of  their  wives,  their  child- 
ren, and  their  country  hang  on  the  decision  of  the  hour.  Then, 
words  have  lost  their  power,  rhetoric  is  vain,  and  all  elaborate 
oratory  contemptible.  Even  genius  itself,  then,  feels  rebuked  and 
subdued  as  in  the  presence  of  higher  qualities.  Then,  patriotism 
is  eloquent.  Then,  self-devotion  is  eloquent.  The  clear  concep- 
tion, outrunning  the  deductions  of  logic,  the  high  purpose,  the 
firm  resolve,  the  dauntless  spirit,  speaking  on  the  tongue,  beaming 
from  the  eye,  informing  every  feature,  and  urging  the  whole  man 
onward,  right  onward  to  his  object, — this,  this  is  eloquence;  or, 
rather,  it  is  something  greater  and  higher  than  eloquence, — it  is 
action,  noble,  sublime,  and  god-like  action. 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


65 


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SCIENTIFIC  SHORTHAND. 


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SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 


67 


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PART  II. 


INTRODUCTORY  REMARKS. 


MY  DEAR  STUDENTS: 

I   congratulate  you  upon   your  decision    to 

master  the  interesting,  educative,  and  practical  science  and  art  of 
shorthand  writing.  The  vast  body  of  shorthand  writers  occupy  a 
most  important  position  in  the  world  of  business  and  commerce ; 
and  their  importance,  and  the  demand  upon  their  services  is  stead- 
ily increasing.  He  who  enters  so  important  a  field  of  labor  should 
dignify  and  ennoble  it  by  bringing  to  it  the  highest  degree  of  pro- 
ficiency of  which  he  is  capable. 

The  Theory  and  Practice  of  shorthand  is  complete  in  every 
detail  within  the  pages  of  the  Scientific  Shorthand  text  book.  The 
principles  of  the  work  are  fully,  though  briefly  expressed,  and  the 
illustrations  are  sufficient  to  command  an  understanding  thereof. 

A  concise  statement  of  principles  does  not  burden  the  memory 
with  useless  verbiage ;  permits  a  hasty  examination  of  the  entire 
work;  and  imposes  upon  the  student  a  careful  study  of  the  mean- 
ing of  words,  and  the  force  of  a  few  illustrations.  Such  a  scien- 
tific plan  of  presentation  appeals  to  the  scholar,  and  the  critic. 
But  you,  my  dear  students,  may  be  assisted  by  a  fuller  exposition 
of  principles;  by  more  copious  illustrations;  by  repetitions  in 
abundance.  It  shall  be  my  mission  to  thus  guide  and  assist  you. 

Many  years'  experience  in  teaching  all  grades  of  students, 
from  the  child  to  the  matured  man ;  from  the  uneducated  person 
with  small  talents,  to  the  graduated  philosopher  and  philologist, 
has  afforded  me  an  appreciation,  somewhat  at  least,  of  the  needs 
of  the  class  room. 

You  are  beginning  the  study  of  the  only  system  of  shorthand 
that  can  be  regarded  as  a  work  of  science.  It  differs  from  all  other 
systems  in  point  of  legibility,  and  ease  of  acquisition.  In  point  of 
brevity,  it  ranks  with  the  standard  Pitmanic  systems  —  the  only 
ones  of  the  past  that  have  proved  equal  to  the  demands  of  profes  - 
sional  verbatim  reporting. 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND.  103 

Scientific  Shorthand  differs  from  other  systems  in  these  part- 
iculars:— 

Its  shorthand  outlines  show  the  exact  positions  occupied  by  the 
unrepresented  vowel  sounds. 

Therefore,  Scientific  Shorthand  outlines  show  what  words  be- 
gin with  a  consonant  sound,  and  what  ones  begin  with  a  vowel 
sound;  what  words  begin  with  a  short  vowel  sound,  and  what 
ones  begin  with  a  long  vowel  sound,  and  the  exact  initial  long 
vowel  sound;  what  words  begin  with  a  single  consonant  sound, 
what  ones  with  a  double  consonant  sound,  what  ones  with  a  triple 
consonant  sound,  followed  by  a  vowel  sound,  or  by  successive 
vowel  sounds;  what  words  end  in  a  consonant  sound,  and  the  ex- 
act consonant  sound ;  what  words  end  in  a  short  vowel  sound ; 
what  words  end  in  a  long  vowel  sound,  and  the  exact  vowel  sound. 

No  other  system  of  shorthand  can  compare,  in  legibility,  with 
this  work.  It  is  the  system  of  the  present  and  the  future. 

The  legibility  of  the  system  makes  it  possible.. that  it  will  al- 
most entirely  displace  longhand  writing.  It  will  be  taught  in  all 
our  public  and  high  schools.  Thus  shorthand  writing  will  be  uni- 
fied, generally  written,  and  extensively  employed  in  all  lines  of 
correspondence.  I  predict  that  the  mastery  of  Scientific  Shorthand 
before  long  will  be  considered  an  essential  branch  of  common 
school  education. 

In  point  of  legibility,  you  will  find  Scientific  Shorthand  rival- 
ing ordinary  longhand. 

We  bid  you  "bon  voyage,"  knowing  that  you  are  setting  forth 
upon  the  right  sea.  These  instructions  are  to  be  your  chart  and 
compass;  the  text  book,  the  full  rigged  and  manned  vessel,  direct- 
ing and  guiding  you  to  the  port  "Success,"  both  in  writing  and 
in  reading  shorthand. 

To  reach  this  destination,  you  need  industry,  determination,  a 
good  common  school  education,  and  a  fair  measure  of  intelligence. 

I  trust  that  here  and  now  you  each  resolve  to  master  this  grand 
work. 

Are  you  so  determined? 

"We  are." 

Then  you  will  succeed.  "In  the  bright  lexicon  of  youth, 
which  Fate  reserved  for  a  noble  manhood,  there  is  no  such  word  as 
can't." 

"  Blessed  are  they  that  hunger  and  thirst  after  righteousness, 
for  they  shall  be  filled."  Thus  spoke  the  Holy  one.  Filled  with 
what?  With  righteousness.  Likewise,  the  same  law  applies  to 
bless  those  who  hunger  and  thirst  after  a  mastery  of  shorthand, 
and  all  other  useful  knowledge, —  for  they  shall  be  filled.  Filled 


104  SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 

with  a  knowledge  of  the  subjects  for  which  they  hunger  and  thirst. 
It  is  the  hungering  and  thirsting  after  any  knowledge,  any  idea  of 
character,  any  position  in  life,  that  begets  successes  in  that  direc- 
tion. We  are  created  so  that  hungering  and  thirsting  stimulates, 
energizes,  develops,  clarifies  the  faculties  of  the  mind  through 
which  the  immortal  soul  sees,  as  in  a  glass,  clearly,  the  objects  of 
its  love,  its  devotion,  its  hungering  and  thirsting. 

Resolve  this  day  to  succeed.  Labor  for  success.  Then  will 
come  the  hungering  and  thirsting,  the  singleness  of  purpose,  the 
flood  of  light.  ''When  thine  eye  is  single,  thy  whole  body  is 
full  of  light."  Then  results  success  with  its  attendant  joys,  ele- 
vation of  character,  eminence  in  life,  discipline  of  mind,  ability  to 
assist  those  we  love. 

I  read  in  your  countenances  the  unspoken  but  fully  expressed 
"I  will  succeed,"  and  in  that  resolve  I  confidently  await  your 
successes. 

Language  is  composed  of  words  in  sentences.  Words  are  com- 
posed of  letters  and  syllables ;  letters  are  composed  of  elementary 
sounds. 

The  elementary  or  fundamental  sounds  of  the  English  lan- 
guage are  divided  into  vowel  sounds,  and  consonant  sounds. 

The  letters  a,  e,  i,  o,  u,  and  sometimes  w,  and  y,  represent 
the  vowel  sounds.  W  and  Y,  at  the  beginning  of  words,  and  where 
they  are  followed  by  a  vowel  sound,  are  consonants.  Y  is  a  vowel 
where  it  has  the  long  or  the  short  sound  of  I.  W  is  a  vowel  where 
it  combines  with  o  to  form  a  diphthong,  as  in  the  words  cow,  now, 
how,  shower,  etc. ;  where  it  combines  with  a,  as  in  law;  with  e,  as 
in  dew,  new;  where  it  is  silent,  as  in  row — to  row  a  boat. 

In  our  first  lessons,  we  express  consonant  sounds  only,  and 
show  the  exact  positions  occupied  by  the  unrepresented  vowel 
sounds.  Later  lessons  will  teach  a  method  for  the  exact  expres- 
sion of  vowel  sounds.  We  represent  the  positions  of  the  vowel 
sounds,  but  we  do  not  exactly  express  them. 

The  consonant  sounds  are  expressed  by  means  of  strokes, 
hooks,  loops,  and  circles.  The  positions  occupied  by  the  vowel 
sounds  are  pointed  out  by  the  aid  of  Position,  lengthening  and 
shortening  of  strokes,  enlarging  and  minuting  of  loops  and  circles, 
widening  and  narrowing  of  hooks ;  and  by  a  knowledge  of  what 
consonants  coalesce,  as  pi  in  play,  reply,  and  what  consonants  do 
not  coalesce,  as  pi  in  pilfer,  repel. 

With  these  introductory  remarks,  you  are  prepared  to  take  up 
the  study  of  Scientific  Shorthand. 


INSTRUCTIONS. 


Open  your  books  at  page  2.  Master  Lesson  I,  and  paragraphs 
9,  10,  11,  and  12,  Lesson  II. 

I  will  now  leave  you  to  this  study  during  the  next  thirty  min- 
utes. I  shall  then  return  and  examine  you  upon  your  knowledge 
of  the  lessons  assigned. 

Thirty  minutes  later. 

James,  you  may  tell  us  what  you  have  learned. 

"I  have  thoroughly  memorized  the  straight  strokes.  They 
are  P,  B,  T,  D,  Ch,  J,  K,  G,  Ray,  and  Hay.  They  are  all  written 
downward,  except  K,  G,  Ray,  and  Hay.  K  and  G  are  written 
from  left  to  right;  and  Ray  and  Hay  upward.  We  write  on  ruled 
paper.  We  have  three  positions.  They  are  determined  by  the 
initial  stroke,  and  the  ruled  line.  Initial,  means  beginning;  med- 
ial, means  within;  final,  means  at  the  end.  The  strokes  are  about 
one-sixth  inch  in  length." 

Mary,  what  additional  knowledge  have  you  gained? 

"I  have  learned  that  all  words  beginning  with  long  vowel 
sounds,  such  as  the  sound  of  a  in  ape,  Amy,  aid;  e  in  each,  easy, 
Ephraim;  /in  Inez,  idea;  o  in  owner,  oath,  Omaha;  u  in  use,  Eu- 
rope; a^l  in  author;  aw  in  awful;  oo  in  ooze;  oi,  oy  in  oil,  boil, 
oyster;  ou,  ow  in  out,  our,  owl;  and  a  in  all,  are  written  in  First 
Position:  that  is,  they  are  written  so  that  the  initial  stroke  comes 
above  the  ruled  line." 

Mary,  why  do  you  class  oi,  oy;  ou,  ow;  au,  aw;  and  a,  as  heard 
in  all,  with  long  vowel  sounds? 

"The  author  so  classifies  them,  for  convenience  in  referring  to 
vowels  as  long  or  short. ' ' 

Correct.  Our  first  lessons  do  not  present  words  beginning 
with  long  vowel  sounds;  therefore,  for  some  time,  we  shall  not 
consider  First  Position  further.  Let  us  pass  to  a  consideration  of 
Second  Position. 

Laura,  tell  us  what  you  have  learned  about  Second  Position. 

' '  I  have  learned  that  any  word  is  in  Second  Position  where 
the  initial  stroke  is  written  upon  the  ruled  line ;  that  the  initial 
stroke  determines  position;  that  the  second  stroke  is  joined  to  the 


106  SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 

first  stroke  without  lifting  the  pen  from  the  paper ;  that  each  stroke 
must  take  its  natural  direction :  that  is,  strokes  T  and  D  must  always 
be  written  downward;  strokes  Ray  and  Hay  must  always  be  writ- 
ten upward;  that  medial  and  final  strokes  take  the  positions  de- 
manded by  their  direction  and  their  connection  with  preceding 
strokes." 

The  vowels  at  the  beginning  of  words  are  only  A,  E,  I,  O, 
and  U.  The  remaining  twenty -one  letters  of  our  alphabet  are  con- 
sonants, at  the  beginning  of  words.  Therefore,  fully  four- fifths  of 
our  words  are  written  in  Second  Position. 

Henry,  name  the  vowel  sounds,  as  we  have  classified  them. 

"A,  E,  I,  O,  U,  sounded  just  as  we  name  them  to  a  child,  are 
the  long  vowels;  oi,  oy,  as  heard  in  oil,  boy;  ou,  ow,  as  heard  in 
now,  shout,  are  diphthongs.  They  are  classed  with  the  long  vowel 
sounds  in  this  work,  that  all  the  vowel  sounds  may  be  thrown  into 
the  two  divisions.  The  various  sounds  a,  au,  aw,  as  heard  in 
all,  author,  law;  oo  as  heard  in  food,  tool,  are  termed  long  vow- 
els, for  convenience's  sake.  The  sound  of  a  as  heard  in  at,  bat, 
hat;  of  e  in  empty,  engine,  every;  of  i  in  it,  in,  imply;  of  o  in  on, 
odd,  rod;  of  u  in  under,  up,  pun;  of  oo  in  foot,  root;  of  a  in  are, 
far,  are  classed  as  short  vowel  sounds." 

Let  us  practice  sounding  these  short  vowel  sounds,  omitting  oo, 
and  a,  as  heard  in  took,  and  far.  Let  us  place  the  sound  of  P  after 
them.  Ready:  pronounce  aloud,  ap,  ep,  ip,  op,  up.  Repeat  many 
times.  Now  place  B  after  them.  Ready:  ab,  e&,  ib,  ob,  ub.  Re- 
peat many  times.  Continue  your  practice,  placing  other  conso- 
nant sounds  after  the  short  vowel  sounds. 

Now,  let  us  place  short  vowel  sounds  after  the  consonant 
sounds.  Ready:  pa,  pe,  pi,  po,  pu;  ba,  be,  bi,  bo,  bu;  ta,  te,  ti, 
to,  tu,  etc. 

Now  let  us  sound  the  vowels  short,  without  the  consonants. 
Ready:  a,  e,  i,  o,  u;  a,  e,  i,  o,  u;  a,  e,  i,  o,  n.  Keep  up  this  prac- 
tice daily  until  you  can  articulate  all  the  vowel  sounds. 

Open  your  books  at  page  5.  In  line  1,  you  see  the  strokes  we 
have  memorized,  written  in  Second  Position.  Above  each  stroke, 
you  find  the  letter -name  followed  by  a  hyphen.  Paragraph  17, 
page  4,  tells  us  that  this  hyphen  indicates  the  exact  position  of  the 
initial  vowel.  The  dots  under  the  strokes  denote  the  ruled  line. 
The  dots  before  the  letter -names  of  strokes,  however,  denote  the 
position  of  a  short  vowel  sound.  Read  paragraph  22,  page  6. 
Study  illustrations,  line  1,  pages  6  and  7. 

We  will  now  write,  in  Second  Position,  the  strokes  memorized, 
placing  the  respective  vowel  sounds  after  each  stroke  as  we  write  it. 


SCIENTIFIC   SHORTHAND.  107 

First,  let  us  write  P  stroke.  Ready:  Pay,  pea,  pie,  poc,  pew, 
paw,  poy,  pow,  poo,  pa,  pe,  pi,  po,  pu. 

How  many  times  did  you  write  P  stroke? 

!' Fourteen  times,  because  you  pronounced  that  number  of 
words  and  syllables,  each  of  which  commenced  with  P." 

We  will  continue  our  practice,  writing  each  of  the  other  strokes. 

Ready:  Bay,  be,  bee,  by,  buy,  bow,  bew,  boy,  bow,  baw,  boo, 
ba,  be,  bi,  bo,  bu;  tay,  tea,  tie,  toe,  to,  too,  two,  toy,  tow,  taw,  ta, 
te,  ti,  to,  tu;  day,  dee,  dye,  die,  doe,  dew,  due,  do,  dow,  doy,  daw, 
da,  de,  di,  do,  du;  chay,  chee,  chy,  cho,  chew,  choy,  chow,  chaw, 
cha,  che,  chi,  cho,  chu;  jay,  jee,  jy,  Joe,  jew,  joy,  jow,  jaw,  ja, 
je,  ji,  jo,  ju;  kay,  key,  ky,  koe,  cue,  coy,  cow,  caw,  ka,  ke,  ki, 
ko,  ku;  gay,  gee,  guy,  go,  gew,  goy,  gow,  gaw,  ga,  ge,  gi,  go,  gu; 
ray,  ree,  rye,  roe,  rue,  roy,  row,  raw,  ra,  re,  ri,  ro,  ru ;  hay,  he, 
high,  hie,  hoe,  hue,  hew,  Hugh,  hoy,  how,  haw,  ha,  he,  hi,  ho,  hu. 

Any  consonant  standing  alone  in  Second  position  is  followed 
by  a  long  vowel  sound;  but,  where  a  second  consonant  follows,  the 
intervening  vowel  may  be  either  long  or  short.  Therefore,  it  is 
necessary  for  us  to  learn  to  articulate  all  the  vowels.  Then,  by 
knowing  exactly  where  the  unrepresented  vowel  sounds  must  oc- 
cur in  a  word,  we  are  able  to  pronounce  readily  all  the  words  and 
syllables  any  outline  can  represent.  We  are  able,  also,  to  turn  to 
the  dictionary  and  find  readily  the  words  composed  of  consonants 
and  vowels  after  the  order  shown  by  any  consonant  outline.  Abil- 
ity to  do  this  is  a  most  decided  advantage  in  reading  shorthand. 
Tt  is  an  advantage  possessed  solely  by  Scientific  Shorthand. 

I  see  a  hand  raised.     What  is  your  question,  William? 

"Is  there  any  way  of  determining  which  one  of  several  words 
any  stroke  represents  ? ' ' 

Not  at  present.  Words  composed  of  consonants  and  vowels 
in  the  same  order  have  a  common  outline,  and  must  be  differenti- 
ated by  vocalization.  The  method  of  doing  this  will  be  given  later. 
Of  course,  in  a  sentence,  the  context  or  sense  of  the  sentence  would 
aid  in  rendering  the  word  intended  in  each  case,  and  is  generally 
the  only  aid  needed.  But  if  the  context  does  not  determine,  then 
the  vowel  sound  must  be  exactly  expressed.  In  the  sentence,  "We 
will  do  this  for  you,"  we  might  read  it,  "We  will  dye  this  for 
you."  But  by  placing  the  I  stroke  after  the  D  stroke,  we  obviate 
the  difficulty. 

Advance. 

You  may  now  memorize  the  last  sentence  in  paragraph  5,  page 
2,  wherein  Third  Position  is  defined.  Read  the  third  sentence  in 
paragraph  7,  page  2. 


108  SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 

Before  writing,  in  Third  Position,  the  strokes  we  have  memor- 
ized, let  me  add  something  to  the  rule  governing  the  uses  of  Third 
Position : 

All  words  beginning  with  a  short  vowel  sound  are  written  in 
Third  Position,  to  indicate  a  short  vowel  sound  before  the  sound  of 
the  stroke.  But  the  sound  of  the  stroke  may  be  followed  immedi- 
ately by  a  second  vowel  sound,  as  in  the  words  Adam,  emery,  emi- 
grate, etc.,  or,  it  may  not  be  followed  by  a  second  vowel,  as  in  the 
words  tip,  add,  egg,  admit.  Therefore,  we  must  provide  a  wav  of 
showing  where  a  second  vowel  does  immediately  follow  the  sound 
of  the  stroke,  and  a  way  of  showing  where  a  vowel  docs  not  im- 
mediately follow  the  sound  of  the  stroke.  The  method  is  set  forth 
fully  in  paragraph  48,  page  34,  to  which  I  now  direct  your  atten- 
tion. Illustrations  of  the  application  of  this  rule  are  shown  in  lines 
4  to  8  inclusive,  page  5. 

We  will  now  write  the  strokes  P,  B,  T,  D,  Ch,  and  J  in  Third 
Position,  with  the  greater  part  of  the  stroke  below  the  ruled  line; 
and  we  will  write  the  strokes  K  and  G  in  Third  Position  about  one- 
eighth  inch  below  the  ruled  line.  Thus  written,  they  represent  the 
words  and  syllables  which  I  now  ask  you  to  write.  Ready:  — 

Ap,  ep,  ip,  op,  up;  ab,  eb,  ib,  ob,  ub;  at,  et,  it,  ot,  ut;  ad, 
ed,  id,  od,  ud;  atch,  etch,  itch,  otch,  utch;  adge,  edge,  idge, 
odge,  udge;  ack,  eck,  ick,  ock,  uck;  ag,  eg,  ig,  og,  ug. 

The  strokes  Ray  and  Hay  are  never  written  in  Third  Position. 

We  will  now  write  these  strokes  in  Third  Position  with  the 
greater  part  of  the  perpendicular  and  inclined  strokes  above  the 
ruled  line,  and  the  horizontal  strokes  just  under  the  ruled  line. 
They  will  then  represent  the  words  and  syllables  that  I  now  pro- 
nounce to  you.  Ready,  write:  — 

Appa,  appe,  appi,  appo,  appu;  eppa,  eppe,  eppi,  eppo,  eppu; 
ippa,  ippe,  ippi,  ippo,  ippu;  oppa,  oppe,  oppi,  oppo,  oppu;  uppa, 
uppe,  uppi,  uppo,  uppu;  abba,  abbe,  abbi,  abbo,  abbu;  ebba,  ebbe, 
ebbi,  ebbo,  ebbu;  ibba,  ibbe,  ibbo,  ibbu;  obba,  obbe,  obbi,  obbo, 
obbu;  atta,  atte,  atti,  atto,  attu;  etta,  ette,  etti,  etto,  ettu ;  itta, 
itte,  itti,  itto,  ittu;  otta,  otte,  otti,  otto,  ottu-  utta,  utte.  utti,  utto, 
uttu;  adda,  adde,  addi,  addo,  addu;  edda,  edde,  eddi,  eddo,  eddu ; 
idda,  idde,  iddi,  iddo,  iddu;  odda,  odde,  oddi,  oddo,  oddu;  atcha, 
atche,  atchi,  atcho,  atchu;  etcha,  etche,  etchi,  etcho,  etchu ;  itcha, 
itche,  itchi,  itcho,  itchu;  otcha,  otche,  otchi,  otcho,  otchu;  utcha, 
utche,  utchi,  utcho,  utchu ;  adja,  adje,  adji,  adjo,  adju ;  edja, 
edje,  edji,  edjo,-edju;  idja,  idje,  idji,  idjo,  idju ;  odja,  odje,  odji, 
ocljo,  odju  ;  udja,  udje,  udji,  udjo,  udju ;  acka,  acke,  acki,  acko, 
acku  ;  ecka,  ecke,  ecki,  ecko,  ecku ;  icka,  icke,  icki,  icko,  icku ; 
ocka,  ocke,  ocki,  ocko,  ocku;  ucka,  ucke,  ucki,  ucko,  ucku;  agga, 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND.  109 


agge,  aggi,  aggo,  aggu;  egga,  egge,  eggi,  eggo,  eggu;  igga,  igge, 
iggi.  iggo<  iggu;  ogga,  ogge,  oggi,  oggo,  oggu;  ugga,  ugge,  uggi, 
uggo,  uggu. 

You  are  now  prepared  to  write  words  composed  of  two  or  more 
of  the  consonant  strokes.  Read  the  last  two  sentences  in  paragraph 
22.  Study  and  write  the  illustrations  given  in  lines  10,  11,  12  and 
13,  page  7.  I  shall  return  within  thirty  minutes  to  give  further  di- 
rections. 

Advance. 

I  now  hand  you  a  list  of  words  composed  of  the  consonants  we 
have  learned,  and  I  ask  that  you  prepare  a  copy  of  your  best  work 
for  my  inspection.  I  will  criticize  and  return  the  same  to  you  and 
then  we  will  practice  writing  the  list  from  dictation,  at  least  ten 
times. 

You  will  prepare  your  copy  as  follows:  — 

Write  out  the  words  in  longhand  or  on  the  machine,  placing 
the  shorthand  outline  after  all  the  words  written,  that  have  a  com- 
mon consonant  outline.  That  is,  you  will  place  the  shorthand  out- 
line where  I  have  written  the  short  row  of  dots  or  periods  to  indi- 
cate the  ruled  line.  Thus:  — 

Pipe,  peep,  pope,  pup,  etc. ;  p-t,  pity,  putty, 

petty,  etc ;  p-ch,  peach,  poach, ;  p-k, 

pack,  peck,  etc 

You  will  note  that  a  vowel  sound,  generally  the  vowel  sound 
of  Y,  follows  strokes  T,  D,  Ray.  These  strokes  indicate  a  vowel 
sound  following,  whether  they  are  used  initially,  medially  or  finally. 

You  will  now  proceed  to  write  for  my  inspection  the  following 
list  of  words  and  syllables:  — 

WORD  LIST  NO.  I. 

P-P,  peep,  pipe,  pope,  pup;  p-b,  peb,  pib,  pub;  p-t-,  patty, 
pity,  putty;  p-d-,  payday,  peedee,  Paddy;  p-ch,  patch,  pitch, 
pouch;  p-j,  page,  pudge;  p-k,  pack,  peak,  peck,  pike,  pick,  poke, 
puck;  p-g,  peg,  pig,  pug;  b-b,  babe,  bub,  bib,  Bob;  b-t-,  Betty, 
beauty;  b-d-,  body;  b-tch,  batch,  botch;  b-j,  badge,  budge;  b-ck, 
bake,  back,  beak,  beck,  bike,  buck,  book,  bawk ;  b-g,  bag,  beg, 
big,  bog,  bug. 

T-p,  tape,  tap,  type,  tip,  top;  t-b,  tab,  tub;  t-t-,  tattoo;  t-d-, 
tidy,  toady;  t-ch,  teach,  touch;  t-k,  take,  tack,  tick,  tuck,  took; 
t-g,  tag,  tug;  d-p,  deep,  dip,  dupe;  d-b,  daub,  dub;  d-t-,  duty, 
dotty;  d-d-,  dido;  d-ch,  Dutch,  ditch;  d-j,  dodge;  d-k,  deck, 
dock,  Dick,  duck;  d-g,  dig,  dog,  dug. 


110  SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 

Ch-p,  chap,  cheap,  chip,  chop;  ch-b,  chub;  ch-t-,  Chitty; 
ch-k,  cheek,  check,  chick,  chuck;  ch-g,  chug:  j-p,  Jap,  jip;  j-b, 
jab,  jib,  job;  j-t-,  jetty;  j-j,  judge;  j-k,  Jack,  Jake,  joke;  j-g, 
jog,  jug. 

K-p,  cape,  cap,  keep,  kip, cop,  cup, coop;  k-b,  cab,  cob, cub; 
k-t-,  Katie,  kitty;  k-k,  cake,  kick,  cook;  k-g,  keg,  cog;  k-r-, 
carry,  curry;  k-f-,  coffee;  k-l,  kill,  call;  k-sh,  cash;  k-m,  came, 
come;  k-n-,  Kinney;  g-pt  gap;  g-j,  gage;  g-g,  gag,  gig;  g-r-, 
gory;  g-tht  Goth;  g-l,  gull;  g-l-,  gully;  g-m,  gum;  g-sht  gash, 
gush. 

R-p,  rap,  reap,  ripe,  rope;  r-b,  rib,  rob,  rub;  r-d-,  ready, 
ruddy;  r-ch,  reach,  roach;  r-j,  rage;  r-r,  rare,  rear,  rore;  r-th, 
wrath,  wreath;  r-th-,  wreathe;  r-l-,  rally,  ruly;  r-sh,  rush,  rash; 
r-n-y  rainy;  r-ng,  rang,  wrong. 

Advance. 

We  will  now  return  to  Lesson  II,  page  3,  and  memorize  the 
remaining  strokes  of  the  alphabet,  shown  in  figures  5  and  6. 

When  you  have  memorized  the  entire  alphabet,  you  may  study 
and  write  the  illustrations  shown  in  lines  1,  2  and  3,  page  7. 

Let  us  now  write  each  of  the  newly  learned  alphabet  strokes  in 
both  Second  and  Third  Positions,  according  to  instructions  already 
given  in  the  use  of  the  straight  strokes.  Ready,  write:  — 

Fay,  fee,  fie,  foe,  few,  foy,  fow,  faw,  fa,  fe,  fi,  fo,  fu;  vay,  vee, 
vie,  voe,  view,  vow,  voy,  vaw,  voo,  va,  ve,  vi,  vo,  vu;  they,  thee, 
thy,  though,  thew,  thoy,  thou;  lay,  lee,  lie,  lye,  low,  lieu,  loy,  low, 
law,  la,  le,  li,  lo,  lu;  may,  me,  my,  moe,  mew,  moo,  moy,  mow, 
maw,  ma,  me,  mi,  mo,  mu;  way,  we,  wi,  woe,  wu,  woy,  wow, 
waw;  whey,  whee,  why,  who,  whew;  qua  que,  qui,  quo,  quoy; 
shajr,  she,  shy,  show,  shew,  shoy,  show,  shaw;  nay,  knee,  nigh, 
no,  know,  new,  knew,  gnu,  now,  noy,  gnaw,  na,  ne,  ni,  no,  nu; 
twa,  twe,  twy,  two,  twu;  dway,  dwee,  dwy,  dwo,  dwu;  gway, 
gwee,  gwy,  gwo,  gwew;  yea,  ye,  yi,  yo,  yew,  yoy,  you,  yaw. 

Repeat  writing  this  list  at  least  twenty  times. 

We  will  now  write  the  strokes  in  Third  Position  so  as  to  show 
a  vowel  sound  immediately  after  the  strokes.  See  paragraph  48, 
page  34.  Ready,  write: — 

Af-,  ef-,  if-,  of-,  uf- ;  av-,  ev-,  iv-,  ov-,  uv- ;  ath-,  eth-, 
ith-,  oth-,  uth- ;  al-,  el-,  il-,  ol-,  ul- ;  aw-,  ew-,  iw-,  ow-,  uw- ; 
aqu-,  equ-,  iqu-,  oqu-,  uqu-  ;  awh- ;  ash-,  esh-,  ish-,  osh-,  ush- ; 
an-,  en-,  in-,  on-,  un-;  ang-,  eng-,  ing-,  ong-,  ung- ;  amp-, 
emp-,  imp-,  omp-,  ump-. 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND.  Ill 

We  will  now  write  the  strokes  so  that  they  do  not  show  a 
vowel  after  the  stroke.  Ready,  write:  — 

Af,  ef,  if,  of,  uf;  av,  ev,  iv,  ov,  uv;  ath,  eth,  ith,  oth,  nth;  al, 
el,  il,  ol,  ul;  am,  em,  im,  om,  urn;  amp,  emp,  imp,  omp,  ump;  ash, 
esh,  ish,  osh,  ush;  an,  en,  in,  on,  un;  ang,  eng,  ing,  ong,  ung; 
ar,  er,  ir,  or,  ur. 

You  will  now  prepare  a  copy  of  the  following  list  of  words,  for 
my  inspection  and  criticism,  according  to  the  instructions  given  in 
the  preparation  of  Word  List  No.  I.  When  corrected  and  returned, 
we  will  write  the  entire  list  from  dictation  at  least  ten  times. 

WORD  LIST  NO.  II. 

Puffy;  bevy;  path,  pith;  pulley;  pale,  pile,  pole,  pull;  pomp, 
pump;  pang;  push;  Pasha;  penny,  pony,  puny ;  pare,  peer,  pore, 
poor,  pure;  parry,  Perry.  Bury,  berry;  bare,  beer,  bore,  burr; 
beefy,  bevy;  bath,  booth,  both;  bathe;  bully;  ball,  bell;  bump; 
bash,  bush;  bushy;  bony,  bunny,  bonnie;  bang,  bung. 

Teeth,  tooth;  tally;  tale,  tile,  toll,  tool;  tush;  tame,  teem, 
time,  tomb;  tiny,  tinny,  tony;  tongue;  tare,  tear,  tire,  tore,  tower; 
Dora;  dare,  deer,  dire,  door;  dash,  dish;  dashy,  dishy;  Dame, 
deem,  dime,  dome,  doom;  damp,  dump;  deny;  ding,  dong;  death, 
doth;  Delia,  duly;  dale,  dell,  dull. 

Chaffy;  chilly;  chill;  charry;  chair,  cheer,  chore;  chime, 
chum;  chump;  China;  Java;  jolly,  jelly;  jail;  jam,  Jim;  jump; 
josh;  Jenny;  wrath;  wreathe;  rally,  ruly;  rail,  rule,  roll;  rash, 
rush;  rainy;  rang,  rung,  wrong;  heath,  hath;  hilly,  holy;  hash, 
hush;  hang,  hung;  hairy,  hoary,  hurry.  Fop.  Fob.  Fetch.  Fake. 
Fag,  fig,  fog.  Ferry,  fury.  Fife,  fief.  Five.  Faith.  Philo,  folly, 
follow.  Fish.  Fishy.  Fame,  fume.  Funny.  Fang.  Fair,  fear,  fire, 
four,  fore,  far.  Vague.  Very.  Valley,  villa.  Vim.  Vamp.  Veer. 
Vishu.  Thatch.  Thick.  Thing.  Thief.  Thumb.  Thump.  Leap, 
loop,  lap,  lip.  Lottie.  Lady,  laddie.  Latch.  Ledge.  Lake,  like, 
leek,  look.  Lag,  leg,  log,  lug.  Leary,  Laura.  Lief,  loof,  life,  loaf. 
Lave,  leave,  love,  live.  Lathe,  loathe.  Lath,  loth.  Lull,  loll.  Lash. 
Lame,  lamb,  lime,  loom.  Lamp,  limp,  lump.  Lena,  luna.  Long, 
lung.  Quip.  Quake,  quick,  quack.  Quarry.  Quaff.  Quell,  quill. 
Queer,  quire.  Qualm.  Quash.  Shape,  sheep,  ship,  shop.  Shady, 
shadow.  Shake,  shack,  shock.  Map,  mop.  Mob.  Mattie.  Muddy. 
Match.  Make,  meek,  muck.  Mug.  Mary,  merry,  marry.  Muff. 
Move.  Moth.  Malay,  mealy,  mellow.  Mollie.  Mash,  mush.  Mushy. 
Mare,  mire,  more,  mar.  Nape,  nap,  nip.  Nab,  knob.  Natty,  knotty, 
naughty.  Needy.  Notch.  Nudge.  Knack,  neck,  knock,  nook. 
Nag.  Narrow.  Knife.  Knave,  naive.  Neath.  Nellie.  Apathy. 
Epoch.  Epilogue.  Aback.  Ebony.  Away.  Attack.  Atom.  Adam. 
Attire.  Oddity.  Adage.  Occupy.  Agony.  Agog.  Emery. 


112  SCIENTIFIC   SHORTHAND. 

Advance. 

Study  paragraph  19,  page  4,  and  the  illustrations  given  in  lines 
9,  10  and  11,  page  5. 

This  paragraph  must  be  thoroughly  memorized  and  understood. 
You  must  know  that  the  consonants  P,  B,  T,  D,  K,  G,  F,  Th,  and 
Sh  are  the  only  ones  that  coalesce  with  R;  that  the  consonants  P, 
B,  K,  G,  and  F  are  the  only  consonants  that  coalesce  with  L,;  that 
the  R  hook  must  be  formed  upon  the  left  hand  side  of  each  of  the 
perpendicular  and  inclined  strokes;  that  the  strokes  W,  S  and  Z  are 
appropriated  for  F,  Th  and  Th  where  the  R  hook  is  joined  to  ex- 
press coalescing  R — this  form  of  stroke  permitting  the  hook  on  left 
hand  side;  that  these  coalescing  hooks  must  be  made  very  small 
and  narrow ;  that  widening  these  hooks  indicates  the  presence  of  a 
short  vowel  sound  between  the  sound  of1  the  stroke  and  the  sound 
of  the  hook. 

Later  lessons  will  make  use  of  similar  hooks  on  other  strokes 
to  express  L  and  R;  but,  on  other  strokes,  the  sound  of  L  and  R  is 
separated,  by  a  short  vowel  sound,  from  the  sound  of  the  stroke  to 
which  the  hook  is  initially  joined,  without  regard  to  the  small  size 
of  the  hook. 

The  nine  strokes  that  coalesce  with  R,  and  the  five  strokes  that 
coalesce  with  L,  are  termed  the  coalescent  R  strokes,  and  the  co- 
alescent  L,  strokes.  A  vowel  sound,  long  or  short,  always  follows 
each  of  these  strokes,  whether  they  be  used  initially,  medially  or 
finally.  Therefore,  these  coalescent  strokes,  in  Third  Position, 
need  not  be  written  with  the  greater  part  of  the  stroke  above  the 
ruled  line,  to  indicate  a  vowel  sound  following.  They  show,  by 
their  form,  that  a  vowel  sound  follows.  Bear  this  fact  well  in  mind, 
because  it  is  very  important  in  its  effect  upon  the  legibility  of  Sci- 
entific Shorthand  outlines. 

Advance. 

Tell  me  what  words  and  syllables  stroke  Pr,  in  Second  Posi  - 
tion,  represents. 

"It  represents  all  words  and  syllables  that  begin  with  Pr,  fol- 
lowed by  a  single  vowel  sound,  as  pray ,  Pry,  prow,  pro,  and  the 
syllables  pree,  Prew,  proy,  proo,  praw,  par,  pre,  pri,  pro,  pru." 

Would  it  represent  the  words  pare  or  parry? 

"No.  In  those  words,  the  sounds  of  P  and  R  do  not  coalesce. 
The  word  pare  must  be  written  with  the  strokes  P  and  downward, 
or  curved  R;  and  the  word  parry,  with  P  and  Ray — the  Ray  stroke 
indicating  the  final  vowel  y." 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND.  113 

And  what  would  the  coalescent  stroke  PI,  in  Third  Position, 
represent? 

"It  would  represent  words  and  syllables  beginning  with  a  short 
vowel  sound  but  containing  a  second  vowel  sound  immediately 
after  coalescing//,  as  in  the  word  apply." 

Would  it  represent  the  word  apple,  or  the  first  two  syllables  in 
the  word  application^. 

"It  would  represent  the  initial  syllables  in  application,  but  it 
would  not  represent  the  word  apple,  because  a  vowel  sound  occurs 
between  the  sounds  of  P  and  L  in  apple. . ' ' 

Advance. 

Read  paragraph  22,  page  6.  Study  the  illustrations  in  line  4, 
and  the  first  part  of  line  5,  page  7.  Then  study  lines  14,  15  and  16, 
page  9.  The  small  final  circle  found  in  these  last  illustrations  ex- 
presses the  sound  of  S,  or  -z. 

You  will  now  write,  for  my  inspection  and  criticism,  a  copy  of 
the  list  of  words  given  in  Word  List  No.  III.  Prepare  this  list  of 
words,  and  all  future  lists  in  accordance  with  the  instructions  given 
you  for  the  preparation  of  Word  List  No.  I.  When  your  work  has 
been  criticized,  and  the  criticisms  understood,  we  will  write  the  list 
from  dictation,  at  least  ten  times. 

WORD  LIST  NO.  III. 

Pr- ,  pray,  pree,  pry,  pro,  prew,  proy,  prow,  praw,  proo,  pras 
pre,  pri,  pro,  pru.  .pr-,  apry,  epry,  ipry,opry,  upry.  Br-,  bray, 
bree,  bry,  bro,  brew,  broy,  brow,  brau,  bra,  bre,  bri,  bro,  bru. 
.br-,  abry,  ebry,  ibry,  obry,  ubry.  Tr-,  tray,  tree,  try,  tro,  true, 
troo,  troy,  trow,  traw,  tra,  tre,  tri,  tro,  tru.  .tr-,  atry,  etry,  itry, 
otry,  utry.  Dr-,  dray,  dree,  dry,  dro,  dru,  droy,  drow,  draw,  dra, 
dre,  dri,  dro,  dru.  .dr-,  aclry,  edry,  idry,  odry,  udry.  Kr-,  cray, 
cree,  cry,  crow,  crew,  croy,  crow,  craw,  croo,  era,  ere,  cri,  cro, 
cru.  .kr-,  akry,  ekry,  ikry,  okry,  ukry.  Gr-,  giay,  gree,  gry, 
grow,  grew,  groy,  grow,  graw,  groo,  gra,  gre,  gri,  gro,  gru.  Pr-, 
fray,  free,  fry,  fro,  fru,  froy,  frow,  fraw,  fra,  fre,  fri,  fro,  fru. 
./>-,  afry,  efry,  ifry,  ofry,  ufry.  Thr-,  thra,  three,  thry,  throw, 
threw,  throy,  throw,  thraw,  thre,  thri,  thro,  thru.  Shr-,  shray, 
shree,  shry,  shroe,  shrew,  shroy,  shrow,  shra,  shre,  shri,  shro, 
shru.  .shr-,  ashry,  eshry,  ishry,  oshry,  ushry. 

Prop.  Pretty.  Preach.  Prick.  Prig.  Prairie.  Primp.  Bribe. 
Brady  Breech,  brooch.  Brake,  break,  broke,  brook,  brick.  Brag, 
brig.  Bravo.  Broth.  Breathe.  Broom,  brim.  Brainy,  briny.  Bring. 
Brush.  Tripe,  troop,  trap,  trip.  Tribe.  Treaty.  Trudge.  Track, 


114  SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 

trek,  trick,  truck.  Troth.  Trolley,  truly.  Trash.  Trashy.  Tram, 
trim.  Tramp,  trump.  Drape,  droop,  drip,  drop.  Drab,  drub. 
Drudge.  Drake.  Drag,  dreg,  drug.  Dreary.  Dream,  dram,  drum. 
Crape,  creep,  croup,  crap,  crop.  Crab,  crib.  Crouch.  Cream, 
cram.  Cramp,  crimp.  Cranny,  crony.  Crash,  crush.  Gripe,  grope, 
group,  grip.  Grab,  grub.  Greedy.  Grudge.  Greek.  Grog.  Gruff  y. 
Gravy.  Growth.  Growly,  Greely.  Grime,  gram.  Freak,  frock. 
Frog.  Froth.  Freely.  Frame.  Frowny.  Fresh.  Throb.  Thrash. 
Shrimp.  Shrug.  Shrink.  Shrub.  Shriek. 

/*/-,  play,  plee,  ply,  ploe,  plue,  ploy,  plow,  plaw,  ploo,  pla, 
pie,  pli,  plo,  plu.  .pi-,  aply,  eply,  iply,  oply,  uply.  BI-,  blay, 
blee,  bly,  blow,  blew,  bloy,  blow,  blaw,  bloo,  bla,  ble,  bli,  bio,  blu. 
.£/-,  ably,  ebly,  ibly,  obly,  ubly.  A7-,  clay,  clee,  cly,  cloe,  clue, 
cloy,  clow,  claw,  cla,  cle,  cli,  clo,  clu.  .£/-,  akly,  eckly,  ickly, 
ockly,  uckly.  67- ,  glay,  glee,  gly,  glow,  glue,  gloy,  glow,  glaw, 
gla,  gle,  gli,  glo,  glu.  .gl-,  aggly,  eggly,  iggly,  oggly,  uggly. 
FI-,  flay,  flee,  fly,  flow,  flew,  floy,  flow,  flaw,  fla,  fle,  fli,  flo,  flu. 
.fl-  affly,  effly,  iffly,  offly,  uffly.  Pebbly.  Nobly.  Buckley.  Cobra. 
Debris. 

Advance. 

Memorize  the  first  two  sentences  in  paragraph  20,  page  4. 
Memorize  all  the  strokes  that  express  the  consonant  combinations 
that  begin  with  the  sound  of  S.  Write  these  strokes  until  you  can 
form  them  correctly.  Observe  that  initial  sound  of  S  is  expressed  by 
a  very  small  circle — the  smaller  the  better ;  that  the  circle  upon  the 
R  hook  side  of  the  straight  strokes  destroys  the  form  of  the  R  hook, 
but  does  not  suppress  the  sound  of  R. 

All  words  that  commence  with  the  sound  of  S  begin  with  one 
of  these  strokes,  except  a  few  words  in  which  the  initial  sound  of  S 
is  the  only  consonant  sound.  Such  words  employ  the  stroke  S  in 
Second  Position. 

Study  the  illustrations  in  lines  5  and  8,  page  7.  Read  again 
the  second  sentence  in  paragraph  20.  Study  the  medial  and  final 
circles  shown  in  line  8,  page  7. 

I  will  now  give  you  a  list  of  words  employing  the  coalescent 
S  strokes  in  Second  Position.  Write  the  list  for  my  criticism,  ac- 
cording to  directions  already  given. 

WORD  LIST  NO.  IV. 

Spy.  Spray,  spry.  Stay,  stew,  sty,  stow.  Stray,  strew,  straw. 
Sky.  Screw.  Slay,  slow,  slew,  slaw.  Snow.  Sway.  Splay.  Speedy. 
Speech.  Speak,  spake,  spoke,  spook.  Spoil,  spill.  Sprang,  sprung. 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND.  115 

Strap,  strip.  Stretch.  Streak,  struck.  Stream.  String,  strung. 
Skip,  scoop.  Scab.  Scurry.  Skill.  Scully.  Skim.  Scamp.  Skinny. 
Scrape,  scrap.  Scrub.  Scratch.  Scrawl.  Scrawly.  Scrimp.  Sphere. 
Slap,  slip,  slop,  sloop.  Slab.  Sledge.  Slack,  slick,  sleek,  slake. 
Sloth.  Slim.  Slump.  Slang,  slung.  Slash.  Slur.  Smoke.  Smug. 
Smash.  Small.  Snap,  snipe.  Snub.  Snatch.  Snack,  sneak.  Snag. 
Sheer.  Sweep.  Swab.  Swim.  Swing,  swung.  Squib.  Squire. 
Splash. 

Advance. 

Memorize  last  two  sentences  in  paragraph  20,  page  4.  Study 
the  illustrations  in  the  latter  half  of  line  13,  all  of  line  14,  and  the 
first  part  of  line  15,  page  5. 

The  perpendicular  and  inclined  strokes,  with  initial  S  circle, 
are  written  in  Third  Position,  with  the  greater  part  of  the  stroke 
above  the  ruled  line,  to  indicate  that  a  vowel  sound  follows  the 
sound  of  the  stroke.  All  Third  Position  strokes  have  a  short  vowel 
sound  immediately  before  them.  Therefore,  the  short  vowel  sound 
must  occur  immediately  after  initial  sound  of  S,  expressed  by  the 
small  circle.  Initial  S  circle  is  formed  small,  not  to  denote  that  the 
sound  of  S  coalesces  with  the  sound  of  the  stroke — which  it  never 
does,  where  strokes  are  in  Third  Position — but,  simply  as  a  second- 
ary aid  in  locating  the  second  vowel  sound. 

Study  the  illustrations  in  lines  6  and  7,  page  7. 

The  following  list  of  words  are  written  in  Third  Position,  with 
minuted  S  circle.  The  strokes  must  be  written  so  that  they  show 
a  second  vowel  sound  following  them.  The  circle  is  minuted  to 
show  this  second  vowel  also.  Our  outlines,  then,  give  a  double 
showing  of  the  fact  that  a  second  vowel  sound  follows  the  stroke. 
Prepare  this  list  as  you  have  prepared  all  previous  ones. 

WORD  LIST  NO.  V. 

Sappy.  City.  Soddy.  Sedgy.  Sally,  silly,  sully.  Sammy. 
Sunny.  Sorry.  Sacrifice.  Sabbath.  Sallacious.  Suppress.  Supplies. 
Sacking.  Sacrilege.  Severity.  Similarity.  Suppose. 

Advance. 

Memorize  paragraph  21.  Study  the  illustrations  in  line  16, 
and  the  latter  half  of  line  15,  page  5.  Observe  that  S  circle  is  lar- 
ger than  the  circle  employed  in  our  last  lesson;  that  the  strokes,  in 
Third  Position,  to  which  it  is  initially  joined,  are  written  with  the 
greater  part  of  the  perpendicular  and  inclined  strokes  below  the 
ruled  line;  that  the  horizontal  strokes  are  written  about  one -eighth 
inch  below  the  ruled  line. 


116  SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 

The  strokes  are  written  thus,  as  we  have  previously  learned, 
to  show  that  a  vowel  sound  does  not  immediately  follow  the  sound 
of  the  strokes.  We  now  teach  you  that  the  circle  is  formed  larger 
than  the  S  circle  previously  employed,  to  show,  also,  that  a  vowel 
sound  does  not  follow  the  stroke.  Thus,  our  outlines  show,  in 
two  ways,  that  the  strokes  are  not  followed  by  a  vowel  sound. 
This  larger  form  of  S  circle,  occurring  medially,  is  pronounced  s-, 
cy,  sy,  etc.,  because  it  denotes  a  vowel  sound  immediately  follow- 
ing it;  whereas,  the  smaller  circle,  employed  medially,  denotes 
that  the  sound  of  S  coalesces  with  the  sound  of  the  stroke  following 
the  small  medial  circle.  This  larger  S  circle,  employed  finally, 
denotes  a  vowel  immediately  preceding  it,  and  the  smaller  S  circle, 
employed  finally,  denotes  a  consonant  sound  immediately  preceding 
it — the  consonant  sound  of  the  preceding  stroke. 

Study  the  position  of  the  short  vowel,  shown  by  the  dot  in  the 
letter -names,  in  lines  15  and  16,  page  5. 

The  following  list  of  words  employ  the  larger,  or  non-coales- 
cent  form  of  S  circle,  initially,  medially,  and  finally.  Prepare 
your  copy  as  previously  instructed. 

WORD  LIST  NO.  VI. 

Sap,  sip,  sop,  sup.  Sob.  Sat,  set,  sit,  sot,  soot.  Sad,  sod. 
Such.  Sedge.  Sack,  sick,  suck,  sook.  Sag.  Sieve.  Sill.  Sam,  sum. 
Sun,  sin.  Sang,  sung,  song.  Sash.  Music.  Residue.  Beseech.  Be- 
siege. Besom.  Subsidy.  Pays.  Does.  Rise.  Muse.  Pose.  Rise. 
Hose.  Face,  foes.  Views.  This.  These,  those.  Lays,  laws,  lies, 
loss.  Ways,  woes,  wooes.  Quiz.  Whiz.  Knows,  news.  Bodies. 
Peaches.  Pages.  Ponies.  Babies.  Botches.  Budges.  Teaches. 
Dora's.  Dashes.  Rushes.  Deceive.  Deceives.  Receive.  Press. 
Bruise.  Tries.  Draws.  Crows.  Grows.  Freeze.  Throws.  Shrews. 
Please,  place.  Blows,  blues.  Claws,  close.  Gloss,  glaze.  Flows, 
flies,  flaws. 

The  following  list  of  words  employ  the  small  circle  initially  to 
show  coalescence,  and  the  larger  circle  finally  to  show  non- co- 
alescence. Prepare  copy  for  my  examination. 

Spies.  Sprays.  Stews,  stays.  Strews.  Skies.  Screws.  Says. 
Slays,  slice,  sluice.  Smashes.  Snows.  Swiss,  sways.  Squeeze. 

The  following  list  of  words  employ  the  small  circle  initially, 
to  assist  in  locating  second  vowel  sound  that  immediately  follows 
the  sound  of  the  stroke ;  and  they  employ  the  larger  circle  finall}' 
to  show  that  final  sound  of  S  does  not  coalesce  with  the  sound  of 
the  stroke  immediately  preceding. 

Prepare  your  work  as  previously  instructed. 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND.  117 

Suppose.  Cities.  Sedges.  Suffice.  Sallies,  sullies.  Sammy's. 
Sinews. 

The  following  list  of  words  employ  the  coalescent  circle  —  the 
small  circle : 

Prepare  your  writing  of  the  list  as  per  previous  instructions. 

Pipes.  Packs.  Pegs.  Paths.  Pills.  Pomps.  Pangs.  Pares. 
Babes.  Backs.  Begs,  bugs.  Baths.  Booms.  Taps.  Tubs.  Takes. 
Tugs.  Tears.  Tithes.  Times.  Dips.  Daubs.  Decks.  Deaths.  Dales. 
Dimes.  Dumps.  Chaps.  Chubs.  Checks.  Chimes.  Chills.  Chairs. 
Jobs.  Jokes.  Jugs.  Jeers.  James.  Jeers.  Caps.  Cubs.  Cakes. 
Kegs.  Comes.  Kings.  Gibes.  Gags.  Goths.  Gums.  Gears.  Raps. 
Robs.  Rakes.  Rigs.  Wreaths.  Rings.  Fops.  Fakes.  Fags.  Fifes. 
Fives.  Faiths.  Fumes.  Fangs.  Vags.  Veers.  Leaps.  Lobes.  Lacks. 
Legs.  Loathes.  Limes.  Lungs.  Leers.  Webs.  Wicks.  Wags. 
Waves.  Withs.  Wings.  Whips.  Whacks.  Whigs.  Whiles.  Quips. 
Quicks.  Quires.  Ships.  Shacks.  Sheafs.  Sheaves.  Shears.  Maps. 
Mobs.  Makes.  Mugs.  Mires.  Miffs.  Moves.  Moths.  Miles.  Mame's, 
maims.  Nips.  Knobs.  Necks.  Nags.  Naives,  knaves.  Nails. 

Advance. 

Take  up  the  study  of  Lesson  3,  pages  6  and  7.  Give  special 
attention  to  the  length,  slant,  shading,  and  position  of  each  stroke; 
to  the  size  of  the  circles,  and  the  hooks.  Observe  the  positions  of 
the  unrepresented  vowel  sounds. 

Write  this  lesson  at  least  ten  times,  and  we  will  then  write  it 
from  dictation  as  many  more  times. 

Advance. 

Take  up  the  study  of  Lesson  4,  pages  8  and  9,  in  accordance 
with  instructions  given  for  previous  lesson.  Give  special  attention 
to  the  initial  -n  curl,  preceding  the  sound  of  S.  It  is  advisable 
that  you  open  your  school  dictionaries  to  the  words  commencing 
with  ans,  ens,  ins,  ons,  uns,  followed  immediately  by  a  consonant 
stroke,  and  write,  at  least,  the  initial  syllables  of  such  words. 

I  see  a  hand  raised.     What  is  your  question? 

"Is  it  advisable  that  we  write  these  lessons  from  dictation,  so 
early  in  our  course?" 

It  is  highly  advisable.  There  is  a  training  of  the  eye,  and 
another  training  of  the  ear.  Training  the  eye,  may  make  skilled 
shorthand  copyists,  but  training  of  the  ear  is  absolutely  necessary 
to  enable  anyone  to  write  rapidly  from  another's  dictation.  The 
two  leading  highways  to  the  soul  are  through  the  eye  and  the  ear. 
Many  persons  learn  to  read  a  foreign  language,  who  never  acquire 
the  ability  to  speak  the  language,  or  to  understand  it  when  it  is 


118  SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 

spoken.  Such  failures  are  due  to  a  failure  to  train  the  ear.  Their 
study  has  been  confined  to  the  printed  form.  Given  the  printed 
word,  and  they  readily  interpret.  Given  the  sound  of  the  word, 
and  they  fail  to  interpret,  because  of  lack  of  ear  training. 

Experience  unites  with  psychology  in  proclaiming  that  you 
will  become  a  skilled  shorthand  writer,  readily  or  slowly,  in  pro- 
portion to  the  amount  of  writing  you  perform  from  dictation. 
Therefore,  where  you  must  study  alone,  pronounce  your  words 
and  sentences  audibly,  even  though  they  be  whispered. 

Advance. 

I  shall  now  introduce,  for  your  study  and  memorization,  a  few 
word -signs.  I  introduce  them  at  this  time,  because  you  are  all 
very  careful  and  accurate  writers  of  shorthand  characters.  Were 
you  not  such  writers,  I  should  postpone  the  introduction  of  these 
signs  until  you  had  advanced  further  in  the  theory. 

A  knowledge  of  a  few  of  the  simple  word -signs  will  enable  us, 
thus  early  in  our  course,  to  dictate  much  sentence  matter. 

Open  your  books  at  pages  44  and  45.  Memorize  the  word- 
signs  given  in  the  first  six  lines.  The  small  semi -circle  opening 
upward  and  downward  expresses  the  consonant  Y.  And  the  semi- 
circle opening  to  the  right  and  to  the  left  expresses  the  consonant 
W.  As  word -signs,  we  employ  them  to  represent  a  few  of  the 
most  common  words  commencing  with  those  consonants. 

You  may  take  the  rest  of  the  day  for  the  work  assigned. 

Advance. 

Class,  have  you  mastered  the  word -signs? 

"We  have,  and  we  have  written  the  remainder  of  Lesson 
XXIII,  at  least  twenty  times.  We  understand  it  well." 

Then  we  will  spend  a  pleasant  half  hour,  writing  the  lesson 
from  dictation. 

Advance. 

I  will  give  you  the  rest  of  the  day  to  study  Lesson  XX I V. 
I  believe  that  by  to-morrow  morning  we  shall  add  another  vic- 
tory to  our  many  successes.  Come  prepared  to  receive  dictation 
from  this  lesson. 

Advance. 

Ah,  I  see  by  your  happy  looks  that  you  are  all  ready  to  take 
dictation.  We  will  therefore  dictate  this  lesson  a  number  of  times. 
Do  not  attempt  great  speed  in  writing.  Let  accuracy  be  your  aim 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND.  119 

now.  Speed  will  come  in  time.  But  speed  without  accuracy  means 
illegibility  and  inability  to  transcribe.  We  do  not  want  such  fail- 
ures here.  We  will  review  this  lesson  daily. 

I  desire  that  each  member  of  the  class  write  twenty  simple 
sentences,  composed  of  the  simple  words  we  are  already  able  to 
write  correctly,  and  words  represented  by  the  word -signs  we  have 
memorized.  We  will  then  dictate  such  prepared  sentences  many 
times.  I  have  prepared  a  list  of  such  simple  sentences  to  serve 
you  as  models.  Write  them  oat  carefully  in  shorthand  and  sub- 
mit your  work  to  me  for  my  inspection.  We  will  then  dictate  them 
daily  many  times.  By  so  doing,  we  shall  attain  considerable  speed 
in  writing  a  large  number  of  the  more  common  words.  As  we  ad- 
vance, we  can  enlarge  our  vocabulary.  Within  a  short  time,  we 
shall  be  masters  of  the  entire  work,  and  prepared  to  write  from 
miscellaneous  dictation.  My  simple  sentences  for  your  daily  prac- 
tice are  as  follows:  — 

What  year  is  this?  Were  you  going  with  them  to  the  big  city 
of  Chicago?  This  book  came  from  Boston.  Do  you  like  it?  Will 
they  go  there  yet?  You  should  see  Thomas,  when  you  are  ready 
to  buy  this  property. 

The  large  gentleman  was  here  to  look  over  the  property  with 
a  view  to  buying  it  from  us.  We  will  issue  another  book  soon. 
This  is  an  important  task. 

Advertise  this  place  right  away.  Can  you  go  with  us  at  that 
time?  What  is  the  fact  in  this  case?  For  what  purpose  have  you 
come  ? 

We  see  James  and  Mary  every  day.  When  will  you  come  to 
see  us. 

We  thank  you  for  this  book.  They  wish  that  we  may  be  hap- 
py. Within  what  time  do  you  think  you  can  do  this  for  us?  This 
will  be  a  great  improvement  in  his  home.  Do  you  require  all  this 
of  us?  We  hope  she  may  be  happy  in  her  new  home. 

They  will  know  whether  you  or  she  can  do  this  best.  We 
hope  this  may  be  practical.  You  should  go  without  them.  Take 
advantage  of  your  time  now.  They  will  question  you  about  us. 
You  may  say  to  them  that  we  shall  be  there  in  due  time. 

He  may  be  the  right  party.  We  may  see  them  this  day.  What 
opportunities  will  there  be  for  you  at  that  place?  We  shall  go  there 
if  you  think  it  is  best  for  us. 

This  is  the  defendant  in  the  case.  Take  advantage  of  that 
time.  You  may  see  the  party.  If  he  objects  to  it  we  may  take  it 
away. 

Why  do  you  say  you  can  see  them  at  time?  Because  we  know 
he  will  be  there  on  that  day. 


120  SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 

Advance. 

Memorize  the  first  section  of  paragraph  24,  page  10.  Study 
the  illustrations  in  lines  1,2,  and  3,  page  11.  You  are  now  pre- 
pared to  write  correctly  the  following  list  of  words,  employing  the 
single,  double  and  triple  consonants,  in  Second  Position,  leng- 
thened. These  strokes  may  be  employed  also  in  Third  Position, 
in  words  commencing  with  a  short  vowel  sound,  and  containing 
successive  vowel  sounds  after  the  initial  consonant  or  consonants. 

Prepare  the  following  list  of  words  for  criticism  as  per  previous 
instructions. 

WORD  LIST  NO.  VII. 

Payee.  Payees,  pious.  Boa,  bouy.  Dewey,  Dio.  Rio.  Leo. 
Noah.  Trio.  Piano.  Diana.  Vienna.  Bluish.  Buyer.  Bias.  Baal. 
Trying.  Tryer.  Triumph.  Trial.  Drawer.  Crying.  Creole.  Claw- 
ing. Gruel.  Grayish.  Growing.  Fleeing.  Flower.  Floweth.  Freer. 
Spying.  Spraying.  Staying.  Stewer.  Duality.  Moab.  Joab.  Viol. 
Vying.  Theocracy.  Theosophy.  Diagram.  Diabetes.  Cruelty.  Pri- 
ority. Readjust.  Reappear.  Real.  Reality.  Hoeing.  Creosote. 
Brewer.  Brewery.  Coalesce.  Create.  Dialectics.  Diaphanous.  Diary. 
Dialogue.  Diatribes. 

Advance. 

Read  the  first  two  sentences  in  paragraph  23,  page  8.  Mem- 
orize the  second  section  of  paragraph  24,  page  10. 

This  paragraph  may  present  some  difficulty.  Therefore,  we 
will  consider  it  seriatim. 

Bear  in  mind  that  the  initial  vowel  sound  is  located  by  Posi- 
tion. Therefore,  we  do  not  need  to  give  any  attention  to  the  con- 
struction of  our  consonant  strokes,  to  locate  the  initial  vowel  sound. 
We  locate  a  second  vowel  sound,  in  Third  Position  outlines,  by  writ- 
ing the  major  part  of  the  stroke  above  the  ruled  line.  Third  Position 
strokes  that  express  double  or  triple  consonant  sounds  have  a  sec- 
ond vowel  sound  immediately  after  the  coalescing  consonants. 

We  have  learned  that  any  stroke,  except  Mp-b  and  Ng,  writ- 
ten in  Second  Position,  is  followed  by  a  vowel  sound;  and,  where 
such  strokes  are  lengthened,  they  are  followed  by  successive  vowel 
sounds. 

Therefore,  the  instruction  given  in  the  second  and  third  sec- 
tions of  paragraph  24  refers  especially  to  the  medial  &\\&  final  uses 
of  the  strokes  mentioned. 

Let  us  now  analyze  these  sections:  — 

"Any  coalescent  L  and  R  hook  stroke  indicates  a  vowel  sound 
following. ' ' 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND.  121 

Of  course  it  does.  Because  Nature  compels  a  vowel  sound  to 
follow  double  or  triple  consonant  sounds. 

"The  strokes  T,  D,  Ray,  Hay,  N,  etc.,  have  a  vowel  sound 
immediately  after  them." 

This  is  an  arbitrary  rule.  We  have  another  way  of  expressing 
the  sound  of  T,  D,  Ray  and  N,  where  a  vowel  sound  does  not  fol- 
low. The  method  will  be  taught  later. 

"Upward  Sh,  and  upward  L,  are  followed  by  a  vowel  sound." 

Yes,  because  we  use  downward  Sh,  and  downward  L,  where  a 
vowel  sound  does  not  follow.  Having  established  this  rule,  we  are 
able  to  differentiate  the  words  bush  and  bushy;  fish  and  fishy; 
mail  and  Malay ;  fool  and  folly. 

We  employ  the  Ray  stroke  where  a  vowel  sound  follows  the 
sound  of  R;  and  we  employ  downward,  or  curved  R  stroke  where 
a  vowel  sound  does  not  follow  the  sound  of  R.  Having  this  rule, 
we  can  differentiate  such  words  as  cherry  and  cheer;  bury  and 
bare;  ferry  and  fare. 

The  words  resolve,  dissolve,  absolve,  muscle,  whistle,  etc.,  em- 
ploy the  upward  L,  stroke.  The  circle  preceding  L,  is  a  non-coa- 
lescent  circle — a  large  S  circle.  It  indicates  a  vowel  sound  follow- 
ing the  sound  of  S.  It  denotes  also,  that  a  vowel  sound  does  not 
follow  L,,  except  where  the  L,  stroke  is  lengthened.  We  employ 
the  upward  I,  in  this  class  of  words,  because  the  downward  Ldoes 
not  join  well. 

I^ater  lessons  will  explain  the  uses  of  brief  W,  Y,  H;  and  the 
St  circle. 

The  sound  of  F  or  V,  preceded  by  a  straight  stroke  sound,  is 
represented  by  an  F-V  hook.  Therefore,  the  use  of  F  or  V  stroke 
joined  to  a  preceding  straight  stroke  shows  that  the  sound  of  F  or 
V  is  followed  by  a  vowel  sound.  But,  where  F  and  V  are  pre- 
ceded by  a  curved  stroke  they  must  be  lengthened  to  show  a  vowel 
sound  following.  In  the  words  leaf,  muff,  sheaf,  love,  move,  shove, 
we  use  the  regular  length  F  and  V  strokes.  But  in  the  words  leafy, 
levy  we  use  lengthened  F  and  V  strokes.  In  the  words  puff, 
pave,  ruff,  rave,  cough,  gave,  we  do  not  use  the  F  and  V  strokes  at 
all ;  because  the  sounds  of  F  and  V  are  preceded  by  consonants  ex- 
pressed by  straight  strokes.  But,  in  the  words  puffy,  bevy,  coffee, 
we  do  use  the  F  and  V  strokes,  normal  alphabetic  length,  because 
F  or  V,  followed  by  a  vowel  sound,  must  be  expressed  by  the  stroke. 

I  trust  you  comprehend,  now,  the  first  two  sections  of  para- 
graph 24.  L,et  us  pass  to  the  last  section.  The  following  list  of 
words  illustrate  the  instructions  just  given.  Prepare  your  work  as 
previously  directed. 


122  SCIENTIFIC   SHORTHAND. 

WORD  LIST  NO.  VIII. 

Depress.  Repress.  Re-appraise.  Debris.  Cobra.  Deploy.  Re- 
ply. Pebbly.  Reclaim.  Re -flow.  Bestow.  Despise.  Basking.  Risk- 
ing. Nobly.  Doubly.  Betray.  Redress.  Recross.  Brushy.  Bushy. 
Bush.  Dish.  Dashy.  Fishy.  Fish.  Mush.  Mushy.  Lash.  Lashy. 
Flash.  Flashy.  Puzzle.  Muscle.  Whistle.  Resolve.  Dissolve. 
Whistling.  Puffy.  Bevy.  Davy.  Navy.  Levy.  Gruffy.  Stuffy. 
Wavy.  Coffee.  Gravy.  Heavy.  Brevity.  Gravity.  Depravity.  Leaf. 
Leafy.  Muff.  Love.  Move.  Shove.  Five.  Fife.  Snuff.  Sleeve. 
Theosophy.  Trashy.  Splashes.  Trespass.  Trestle. 

Advance. 

Second  section  of  paragraph  24  states  that  the  strokes  T,  D, 
Ray,  N,  upward  L,  and  upward  Sh,  and  the  strokes  F  and  V,  pre- 
ceded by  a  straight  stroke,  do  not  indicate  a  vowel  sound  following 
where  a  coalescing  S  circle — small  circle — is  joined  finally. 

Of  course  not.  Because  the  coalescing  S  circle  shows  that  the 
sound  of  S,  and  the  sound  of  the  preceding  stroke  coalesce.  There- 
fore, a  vowel  sound  can  not  intervene. 

As  before  stated,  any  stroke  in  Second  Position  is  followed  oy 
a  vowel  sound.  The  initial  vowel  is  located  by  Position.  We 
have  learned  in  a  preceding  lesson,  that  certain  strokes  denote  a 
vowel  sound  following,  where  such  strokes  occur  medially  and  fi- 
nally. We  must  now  learn  that  certain  other  strokes  do  not  indicate 
a  vowel  sound  following  them,  where  such  strokes  occur  medially 
and  finally.  The  strokes  mentioned  in  the  last  section  of  paragraph 
24,  page  10,  do  not  indicate  a  vowel  sound  following  them.  But, 
they  may  be  lengthened  to  indicate  a  vowel  sound  following  them ; 
and  they  may  be  super -lengthened  to  indicate  successive  vowel 
sounds  following  them.  Thus,  we  superlengthen  stroke  K  in  vacu- 
um and  vacuity. 

The  following  words  require  that  medial  and  final  P,  B,  K,  G, 
F,  V,  Th,  M,  be  lengthened,  to  show  that  a  vowel  sound  follows 
them.  Prepare  as  previously  directed. 

WORD  LIST  NO.  IX. 

Ropy.  Foppy.  Mopy.  Shoppy.  Floppy.  Sloppy.  Snappy. 
Scrappy.  Ruby.  Lub}*.  Webby.  Shabby.  Nobby.  Stubby.  Beechy. 
Screechy.  Peachy.  Pokey.  Tacky.  Decoy.  Racky.  Lackey. 
Mucky.  Dickey.  Shacky.  Streaky.  Buggy.  Doggie.  Raggy.  Fogy. 
Logy.  Snaggy.  Pithy.  Botha.  Mathew.  Leafy.  Levy.  Dummy. 
Chummy.  Limy.  Slimy.  Risky.  Dusky.  Musky.  Bric-a-brac. 
Progeny.  Tremulous.  Sirocco.  Obligatory.  Disparity.  Alluvial. 
Acropolis.  Butchery.  Braggadocio.  Promissory. 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND.  123 

We  have  learned  that  a  final  non-coalescent  S  circle — the  larg- 
er circle,  denotes  that  a  vowel  sound  precedes  the  sound  of  S. 
Therefore,  the  strokes  P,  B,  Ch,  J,  M,  Th,  and  others  mentioned 
in  third  section  of  paragraph  24,  need  not  be  lengthened  to  show 
a  vowel  sound  following  them,  where  the  final  non-coalescent  S 
circle  is  joined  to  them.  Thus,  the  word  ruby  requires  that  the 
stroke  B  be  lengthened;  but  rubies  does  not  so  require,  because 
the  final  S  circle,  made  large,  shows  a  vowel  sound  preceding  S. 
Therefore,1  a  vowel  follows  B.  You  may  now  review  Lesson  VI 
entire.  Write  each  word  in  the  lesson  at  least  ten  times.  We  will 
then  write  it,  from  dictation,  as  many  more  times.  The  principles 
set  forth  in  this  lesson  must  be  mastered.  They  confer  upon  our 
writing  a  great  part  of  its  exceptional  legibility. 

Advance. 

During  the  next  half  hour  you  may  study  paragraph  25,  and 
accompanying  illustrations,  page  13. 

Mary,  tell  us  how  the  stroke  P.I  differs  from  the  stroke  P1-. 

"The  P.I  stroke  has  the  L,  hook  made  wide  to  show  that  a 
short  vowel  sound  comes  between  the  sound  of  P  and  1 ;  and  the 
PI-  stroke  has  the  hook  made  ver/  narrow  to  show  that  the  vowel 
sound  follows  the  coalescing  sounds  of  pi. ' ' 

What  other  strokes  with  R  hook,  have  the  R  hook  made  wide 
to  show  that  a  short  vowel  sound  occurs  between  the  sounds  of  the 
stroke  and  the  hook? 

"The  strokes  P,  B,  T,  D,  K,  G,  F,  Sh,  and  Th  are  the  only 
consonants  that  coalesce  with  R.  On  these  strokes,  the  small  R 
hook  shows  a  coalescence,  and  a  vowel  sound  following.  This  is 
true,  where  these  strokes  are  employed  initially,  medially  and  final- 
ly. Therefore,  to  show  that  a  short  vowel  sound  comes  in  between 
the  sounds  of  P,  B,  T,  D,  K,  G,  F,  Th,  and  the  Rhook,  we  widen 
the  hook.  But,  on  the  Sh  stroke,  instead  of  widening  the  R  hook, 
we  write  the  Sh.r  stroke  downward,  and  the  coalescing  Shr-  stroke 
upward.  Then,  since  the  coalescing  shr-  stroke  is  not  needed 
medially  and  finally,  we  employ  its  form,  medially  and  finally,  to 
express  Y.r,  as  in  lawyer." 

You  show  a  mastery  of  the  lesson,  Mary.  Now,  James,  you 
may  tell  us  about  the  strokes  with  L  hooks. 

"Lesson  III  taught  us  that  only  five  strokes,  P,  B,  K,  G,  and 
F  coalesce  with  the  sound  of  L, ;  that  such  coalescing  sound  of  L  is 
expressed  by  a  very  narrow  initial  L,  hook.  Therefore,  where  the 
sound  of  L  does  not  coalesce  with  these  five  strokes,  or  rather, 
where  a  short  vowel  sound  occurs  between  the  sound  of  each  of 
these  five  strokes  and  the  sound  of  L,  we  must  show  the  presence 
of  such  vowel  sound  by  widening  the  L  hook." 


124  SCIENTIFIC   SHORTHAND. 

Correct.  You  are  intelligent  and  industrious  students.  I  see 
that  you  intend  to  master  all  the  technical  niceties  of  shorthand. 
This  is  right.  Whatever  you  undertake  to  do,  you  should  do  well. 
Now,  Henry,  you  may  tell  us  what  words  and  syllables  each  of 
these  non-coalescent  L  and  R  hook  strokes  represent. 

"Stroke  p.l  expresses  pal,  pel,  pil,  pol,  pul;  b.l,  bal,  bel,  bil, 
bol,  bul;  k.l,  cal,  kel,  kil,  col,  cul;  g.l,  gal,  gel,  gil,  gol,  gul; 
f.l,  fal,  fel,  fil,  fol,  ful." 

"P.r,  par,  per,  pir,  por,  pur;  b.r,  bar,  ber,  bir,  bor,  bur;  t.r, 
tar,  ter,  tir,  tor,  tur;  d.r,  dar,  der,  dir,  dor,  dur;  k.r,  car,  ker,  kir, 
kor,  kur;  g.r,  gar,  ger,  gir,  gor,  gur;  f.r,  far,  fer,  fir,  for,  fur; 
th.r,  thar,  ther,  thir,  thor,  thur;  sh.r,  shar,  sher,  shir,  shor,  shur." 

In  line  I,  page  13,  you  observe  that  the  L  hook,  on  strokes 
T  and  D,  is  made  very  narrow,  and  yet  a  short  vowel  sound  comes 
between  the  sound  of  the  stroke  and  hook.  Who  can  explain  why 
this  L  hook  is  made  small? 

Well,  I  am  much  pleased  to  see  every  hand  raised.  Glad  that 
each  member  of  the  class  has  so  thoroughly  mastered  this  great 
lesson.  Laura,  you  may  explain. 

"We  have  already  used  the  strokes  T  and  D,  with  large  initial 
hook,  on  right-hand  side,  to  express  Tw-  and  Dw-  respectively. 
Therefore,  we  can  not  use  the  widened  L  hook  on  these  strokes. 
Nor  is  it  necessary  that  we  use  a  widened  hook  to  show  that  a  vow  - 
el  sound  occurs  between  the  sound  of  T  or  D  and  a  following  L ; 
because  a  vowel  sound  must  occur  between  T  or  D  and  L-  That 
is,  neither  T  nor  D  coalesces  with  L-" 

"The  same  thing  is  true  of  some  other  strokes.  Thus,  the 
sound  of  R  does  not  coalesce  with  Ch,  J,  V,  Th,  as  heard  in  them, 
S,  Z,  and  Y.  Therefore,  a  small  R  hook  may  be  employed  in  con- 
nection with  above  strokes  to  express  the  sound  of  R,  separated 
from  the  sound  of  the  stroke  by  a  short  vowel  sound." 

"Likewise,  the  sound  of  L  may  be  expressed  by  a  small  hook 
on  strokes  Ch,  J,  V,  M  and  N;  and,  by  knowing  that  a  short  vow- 
el sound  always  occurs  between  these  strokes  and  L,  we  can  always 
give  the  strokes  their  proper  names." 

Let  us  write  wide  L  hooks  on  strokes  P,  B,  K,  G,  and  F. 
What  are  they  named,  so  written? 

"Pal,  pel,  pil,  pol,  pul;  bal,  bel,  bil,  bol,  bul;  cal,  kel,  kil, 
col,  cul;  gal,  gel,  gil,  gol,  gul;  fal,  fel,  fil,  fol,  ful." 

Now  let  us  write  a  small  L  hook  on  strokes  Ch,  J,  V,  Th,  M, 
and  N  and  name  them. 

"Chal,  chel,  chil,  chol,  chul;  jal,  jel,  jil,  jol,  jul;  val,vel,vil, 
vol,  vul;  thai,  thel,  thil,  thol,  thul;  mal,  mel,  mil,  mol,  mul;  nal, 
nel,  nil,  nol,  mil." 

I  now  call  your  attention   to  the   form  of  the  L  hook  on  Ray 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND.  125 

stroke;  to  the  special  forms  for  Qu-r,  L-r,  -x.r,  and  -x.l.  The 
strokes  Ray  and  Hay,  unmodified,  are  never  used  in  Third  Position. 
But  their  forms,  in  said  position,  express  .x,  and  .x-r. 

We  do  not  employ  R  hook  on  strokes  .mp  and  .ng:  but,  we 
use  their  forms,  with  R  hook,  for  M.r  and  N.r  respectively. 

Advance. 

Take  up  the  study  of  Lesson  VIII,  pages  14  and  15.  Write 
each  word  of  this  lesson  at  least  ten  times.  Should  you  not  thor- 
oughly understand  the  construction  of  any  outline,  review  the 
preceding  instructions,  and  the  illustrations  in  first  8  lines,  page  13. 
When  you  have  mastered  this  lesson  as  we  herein  direct,  I  will 
dictate  the  same  to  you,  at  least  ten  times. 

Advance. 

Memorize  the  last  seven  lines  in  paragraph  26.  Study  the  il- 
lustrations in  lines  9  to  13  inclusive,  page  13. 

The  non-coalescent  or  large  S  circle,  employed  initially,  in 
Third  Position,  on  the  R  hook  side  of  straight  strokes,  shows  that 
the  stroke  sound  does  not  coalesce  with  the  sound  of  R.  Where 
the  small  S  circle  is  written  within  the  large  L,  and  R  hooks,  it  shows 
thatthe  stroke  does  not  coalesce  with  L,  or  R.  A  careful  study  of  the 
dots  in  the  letter  names  of  the  strokes  will  enable  you  to  master  these 
non-coalescent  outlines  readily.  Observe,  also,  that  the  initial  non- 
coalescent  S  circle  is  written  close  down  upon  the  ruled  line,  so 
that  the  greater  portion  of  the  stroke  may  appear  below  the  ruled 
line.  As  previously  taught,  this  form  shows  that  a  vowel  sound 
does  not  follow  the  sound  of  the  R  expressed  by  the  closed  R  hook. 
Observe  the  coalescent  stroke  form  for  the  coalescing  consonants 
Shi-,  as  heard  in  Schley.  See  line  13. 

You  may  now  prepare  for  my  criticism,  as  per  previous  direc- 
tions, the  following  word  list. 

WORD  LIST  NO.  X. 

Brews,  tries,  cries,  three,  shrew,  shrieks,  thrice,  pressure, 
treasure,  measure,  pretty,  preaches,  prig,  primp,  primper,  jumper, 
thumper,  bumper,  lumber,  thinker,  tinker,  linger,  banker,  brings. 
Tracks,  tramp,  trampest,  dropsy,  drakes,  drudges,  drams,  crabs, 
cracks,  crags,  crashes,  cramps,  gropest,  Greeks,  growths,  greenies, 
freaks,  frills,  shrugs,  throb,  paper,  tapir,  deeper,  cheaper,  keeper, 
taper,  reapers,  vapors,  mopers,  nippers,  weepers,  whippers,  tabors, 
robbers,  faber,  labor,  neighbors,  Webber,  madder,  wider,  bigger, 
baker,  ticker,  choker,  raker,  figure,  maker,  liquor,  mother,  father, 
lather,  bother,  favor,  fifer,  puffer,  pusher,  masher,  fisher,  breaker, 
bragger,  trackers,  trigger,  dropper,  dragger,  creepers,  pitcher, 


126  SCIENTIFIC   SHORTHAND. 

Beecher,  teacher,  ditcher,  matcher,  ledger,  major,  reacher,  catcher, 
charter,  badgers,  preacher,  trudger,  eager,  wager,  jerks,  germs, 
German,  vermin,  verily,  wagers,  leisure,  marks,  martyr,  murder, 
roomer,  dimmer,  tamer,  boomers,  trimmer,  charms,  grammar,  lamer, 
banner,  dinners,  gunners,  finer,  thinner,  manners,  winners,  whiner, 
trimmer,  framer,  paler,  dealers,  tiller,  bailor,  duller,  jailor,  killer, 
gullers,  ruler,  heeler,  feeler,  viler,  mailer,  nailer,  wailer,  frillers, 
miller,  growler,  trillers,  drillers,  pumper,  camper,  timbers,  canker, 
vamper,  thumper,  whimper,  drinkers. 

Advance. 

Take  up  the  study  and  practice  of  Lesson  IX,  pages  16  and  17, 
writing  each  word  at  least  ten  times.  We  will  then  write  the  les- 
son from  dictation  as  many  more  times. 

Observe  that  the  final  st  circle  expresses  the  endings  sty,  city, 
sity,  etc.  We  are  now  employing  three  size  circles — the  coalescent 
S  circle,  the  smallest  circle  we  can  form;  the  non- coalescent  S 
circle,  and  the  St  circle.  Form  the  St  circle  about  four  times  as 
large  as  the  non -coalescent  S  circle,  or  about  twice  its  diameter. 

You  may  now  prepare  for  my  inspection  and  criticism  the  fol- 
lowing word  list. 

WORD  LIST  NO.  XI. 

Paste,  post,  past.  Opposed.  Paces,  pieces,  poses,  pauses. 
Opposes.  Paster,  pastor.  Pastes.  Pastors.  Placed.  Priest,  pressed. 
Presses.  Oppresses.  Spaced,  spiced.  Supposed.  Spaces,  spices. 
Supposes.  Spliced.  Splices.  Suppressed.  Baste,  beast,  boast,  best. 
Boasts,  beasts.  Ebbest.  Basis,  bosses.  Abcess,  abuses.  Boaster. 
Boasters.  Blazed,  blast,  blest.  Blazes,  blesses.  Bluster.  Braced, 
breast.  Abreast.  Breezes.  Sobbest.  Teased,  toast,  tossed,  test. 
Teases,  tosses.  Attests.  Traced,  trust.  Dust.  Addest,  oddest. 
Doses.  Adduces.  Dressed.  Addressed.  Dresses.  Addresses. 
Saddest,  soddest.  Chased,  chest,  chaste.  Etchest.  Chooses,  chases, 
cheeses.  Jests.  Edgest.  Juices.  Jesus.  Cased,  coast,  cast,  cost. 
Accost.  Cases,  causes.  Castors.  Classed.  Classes.  Clusters. 
Christ.  Crest,  crossed,  crust,  creased.  Acrost.  Creases,  crosses. 
Sackest.  Raced,  rest,  roast,  rust.  Races,  rises,  roses.  Arrests. 
Hosts.  Faced,  feast,  fast,  fist.  Officed,  effaced.  Sufficed.  Suffices. 
Vast,  vest.  Vases,  voices.  Laced,  leased,  loosed,  last,  lest,  list, 
lost,  lust.  Laces,  leases,  lasses,  losses.  Luster,  lester.  Illest. 
Sliced.  Sellest.  Thesis.  Mast,  mussed,  mist,  most,  must.  Amassed, 
amazed.  Maces,  messes.  Amasses.  Master.  Waste,  waist,  west. 
Wheezes.  Arrests.  Arises.  Nests.  Noses.  Honest.  Nestor. 
Sneezes.  Sunnest,  sinnest.  Singest.  Songster.  Pasty.  Beasty. 
Bestow.  Testy,  tasty.  Dusty.  Trusty.  Atrocity.  Crusty.  Gusty. 
Frosty.  Blustery.  Lusty.  Rusty.  Musty.  Nasty.  Nastier.  Mus- 
tier. Rustier.  Trustier. 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND.  127 

LENGTHENING    PRINCIPLE. 

Payees.  Sprayest.  Playest.  Prayest.  Blowest.  Truest.  Driest. 
Chewest.  Jewest.  Ruest.  Hewest.  Viewest.  Lowest,  lay est.  Show- 
iest. Readiest.  Pokest.  Biggest.  Rulest.  Heaviest.  Gavest.  Gam- 
est.  Keenest.  Shakiest.  Funniest.  Blackest.  Breakest.  Streakest. 

Advance. 

Take  up  the  study  and  practice  of  Lesson  X.  Write  each  word 
ten  times.  We  will  then  dictate  the  lesson  as  many  more  times. 

After  you  have  mastered  this  lesson,  you  will  prepare  for  my 
inspection  a  copy  of  the  following  word  list. 

WORD  LIST  NO.  XII. 

Pain,  pine,  pawn,  pan,  pen,  pin,  pun.  Pains,  pines.  Punster. 
Plain,  plan.  Plains,  plans.  Prance,  prince.  Pranced.  Prances, 
princes.  Spain,  spine,  spoon,  spawn,  span,  spin,  spun.  Bean,  bone, 
boon,  been.  Beans,  bones,  bins.  Blaine,  blown.  Brain,  brine, 
brown.  Brains.  Bounced.  Bounces.  Tone,  tune,  town,  tan,  ten, 
tin,  ton.  Tones,  tunes.  Tenses.  Attain,  attune.  Attains,  attunes. 
Twain.  Train.  Trains.  Dane,  dean,  dine,  down,  dawn,  Dan,  den, 
din,  dun.  Danes.  Drain,  drown,  drawn.  Sadden.  Chain.  Chains. 
Chances.  June,  join.  Joins.  Kane,  keen,  kine.  Coon,  coin,  can, 
ken,  kin.  Skein,  scan.  Clean,  clan,  clown.  Crowns.  Gains,  guns. 
Glance,  gleans.  Glanced.  Glances.  Grains,  greens,  groans,  groins. 
Rain,  Rhine,  Rhone,  ran,  wren,  run.  Hone,  hen.  Fine,  fan,  fun. 
Fines.  Vane,  vine.  Veins,  vines.  Funny.  Viney.  Thane,  thin. 
Than,  then.  Thence.  Lain,  lean,  line,  loan,  loin,  lawn.  Lanes, 
loans.  Lena.  Lion.  Ilion.  Leonidas.  Slain.  Main,  mean,  mine, 
moan,  moon,  man,  men.  Mines.  Many,  money.  Ammonia.  Sum- 
mons. Wane,  wean,  wine,  wan,  win.  Swains,  swans.  Whine. 
Queens.  Sheen,  shine,  shone.  Shiny.  Nine,  none,  noon,  noun. 
Anon.  Pean.  Bowen.  Ruin.  Moen.  Pinch.  Bench.  Dandy.  Mon- 
day. Happen.  Drench.  French.  Stench.  Fringe.  Cringe.  Beauty. 

We  will  now  take  up  our  daily  review  in  writing  the  words 
and  sentences  in  Lessons  XXIII  and  XXIV,  and  the  simple  sen- 
tences we  have  composed  for  daily  dictation.  This  daily  drill  must 
never  be  neglected. 

Advance. 

Master  Lesson  XI,  pages  20 — 1.  I  do  not  deem  it  necessary 
to  add  to  the  text  of  this  lesson.  When  you  have  mastered  it,  and 
have  written  it  at  least  ten  times,  you  will  then  prepare  for  my  in- 
spection, according  to  all  previous  directions,  the  following  word 
list:  — 


128  SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 

WORD  LIST  NO.  XIII. 

Pave,  puff.  Passion.  Option.  Oppression.  Apportion.  Opera- 
tion. Deprave.  Reproof.  Beef.  Above.  Brave.  Bluff.  Tough,  tiff. 
Native.  Dative.  Vocative.  Co-operative.  Stave,  stiff,  stuff.  Strife. 
Achieve.  Mischief.  Gage.  Given.  Aggrieve.  Move.  Cough.  Cof- 
fee. Loves.  Levies.  Raves.  Refuse.  Delves.  Engraves.  Retrieves. 
Caution.  Action.  Occasion.  Fusion.  Effusion.  Accretion.  Aggra- 
vations. Exhibition.  Exceptions.  Executions.  Extradition.  Exul- 
tations. Exertions. 

Excels.  Excellence.  Excellency.  Deception.  Selection.  Pro- 
bation. Rendition.  Petition.  Edition.  Section.  Attraction.  Direc- 
tion. Inspection.  Fiction.  Affection.  Reduction.  Station.  Retrac- 
tion. 

Advance. 

Master  Lesson  XII.  Write  each  word  at  least  ten  times.  Give 
special  attention  to  the  methods  of  expressing  the  terminations 
-nshun,  -nder,  -nter.  Note  that  the  lengthening  of  a  stroke  to 
add  N  takes  place  where  we  can  not  well  employ  N  hook.  There- 
fore, generally,  a  vowel  sound  does  not  follow  N,  expressed  by 
lengthening  a  stroke.  Note  that  the  L  loop,  where  it  follows  the 
sound  of  N  expressed  by  lengthening  a  stroke,  or  by  N  expressed 
by  N  hook,  represents  the  syllables  t.l,  d.l.  But  where  the  L  loop 
is  employed  on  normal  N  stroke,  it  expresses  the  sound  of  -1  only. 

Write  this  lesson  from  dictation  ten  times. 

Advance. 

Lesson  XIII  may  be  mastered  from  the  regular  text  and  illus- 
trations. Write  it  at  least  ten  times.  We  will  then  write  it  from 
dictation  as  many  more  times 

Advance. 

Turn  to  Lesson  XXV,  pages  48 — 9,  and  memorize  the  word- 
signs  in  first  four  lines.  We  are  then  prepared  to  write  the  follow- 
ing sentences: — 

"They  are  usually  too  large.  It  is  unusual  for  us  to  do  so. 
What  language  do  you  speak?  It  has  been  a  long  time  since  I  saw 
you.  What  objection  do  you  have  to  this  way?  You  may  come 
along  with  us.  This  way  is  unusually  long.  I  saw  them  awhile 
ago.  We  are  about  to  go  there  with  them.  Are  you  aware  of  it? 
What  is  his  opinion  about  this  matter?  You  are  wrong  in  your 
opinion.  We  remember  that  quite  well.  Can  you  give  us  the 
number  of  his  house?  He  is  aware  that  there  may  be  objections  to 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND.  129 

this  way.  Do  they  belong  to  you  or  to  me?  I  believe  you  are  right 
about  it.  I  am  here  for  the  goods.  He  will  behave  well,  I  believe. 
I  placed  the  book  behind  the  table.  We  beheld  them,  when  they 
were  far  away.  Does  this  appear  right  to  you?  It  appears  to  at- 
tract you.  I  shall  be  there  during  the  rest  of  this  week.  He  is  a 
dear  friend  of  mine.  The  goods  are  large  in  bulk  but  light  in 
weight.  I  wish  the  larger  book.  There  is  much  greater  danger 
there  than  here.  I  am  very  particular  about  this  matter.  I  will 
be  pleased  to  give  you  a  dollar  for  it.  Give  us  the  other  map.  I 
will  take  either  of  them.  He  is  a  more  able  man  than  you  may 
think.  His  name  is  John.  That  was  Mr.  L,ee  who  just  left  when 
you  came.  Do  you  wish  a  longer  line?  Herein,  you  will  find 
three  dollars,  for  which  you  may  send  me,  by  express,  a  copy  of 
your  atlas.  It  is  generally  known  that  the  bank  is  solvent.  The 
firm  went  through  bankruptcy  last  year.  Did  you  tell  me  that  this 
man  is  now  a  bankrupt?" 

Above  sentences  will  serve  you  as  models  for  your  own  com- 
position. I  now  ask  that  you  each  prepare  twenty  sentences,  em- 
bodying word -sign  words  already  memorized,  in  connection  with 
words  that  may  be  written  according  to  the  theory  learned.  We 
will  collect  your  respective  work,  grade  it,  and  employ  it  in  our 
class  dictation.  We  can  not  secure  too  much  good  practice  with 
our  word -sign  words. 

Advance. 

You  may  memorize  the  remaining  word -signs  in  Lesson  XXV. 
Then  you  may  write  twenty  sentences  each,  to  be  used  in  our  dic- 
tation classes,  as  above  suggested.  I  submit  the  following  senten- 
ces for  your  daily  dictation  and  writing  drills: — 

They  have  established  a  good  government.  This  is  especially 
true  of  this  book.  They  were  astonished  at  the  news.  An  igno- 
rant people  can  not  prosper.  I  rather  like  this  best.  He  is  a  most 
capable  man.  Is  it  possible  that  this  may  be  true?  I  really  be- 
lieve so.  It  will  avail  them  nothing.  It  is  evil  and  only  evil. 
They  met  with  much  difficulty  here.  I  shall  go  unless  he  does 
this.  I  may  stay  here  until  he  comes.  Can  they  compel  the  people 
to  do  that?  What  is  the  condition  of  the  bridge  now?  It  is  very 
poor  in  its  construction.  This  cask  contains  twenty  gallons.  He 
is  a  member  of  our  denomination.  This  generation  appears  much 
more  wise  than  the  former  one.  The  degeneration  of  the  race 
makes  regeneration  difficult.  We  shall  consider  it.  Nevertheless, 
I  believe  he  is  a  superior  superintendent.  Do  you  offer  a  set-off 
against  this  account?  I  suggest  that  you  do  this  now.  What  is 
the  tuition  for  a  course  in  shorthand  and  typewriting?  What  do 


130  .  SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 

you  think  he  values  this  property  at?  The  children  are  now  at 
home.  This  is  subject  to  change  at  a  moment's  notice.  In  con- 
sideration of  this  payment,  we  herein  agree  to  pay  the  sum  of  thirty 
dollars,  July  1st,  next.  He  represents  a  district  in  the  senate  of 
Minnesota.  Your  book  differs  much  from  his.  He  has  been  a 
most  faithful  representative  to  his  people.  We  shall  go  there  to- 
gether. I  shall  take  pleasure  in  assisting  you  in  that  case.  He 
was  here  some  time  ago.  They  differ  somewhat.  Is  that  the  or- 
dinary way  to  do  it?  He  drove  the  wagon  between  the  houses. 
I  shall  go  there  immediately.  This  is  public  property.  When 
will  the  book  be  ready  for  publication?  He  says  he  will  exchange 
places  with  you.  Perhaps  they  may  learn  our  purpose  in  this  mat- 
ter. You  may  enter  now.  This  is  entirely  different.  It  is  a  most 
peculiar  place.  The  lock  is  now  secure.  He  has  had  a  good  in- 
fluence over  the  boy.  What  is  the  spirit  of  the  play?  The  gentle- 
man you  saw  there  is  my  agent.  Look  toward  the  setting  sun ! 
Are  you  certain  about  this?  James  is  an  intelligent  man.  The  note 
is  negotiable.  Shall  I  accompany  you?  What  season  of  the  year 
is  this?  He  handles  negotiable  paper.  This  is  his  signature.  I 
have  sufficient  money  to  take  me  there.  .  He  is  the  plaintiff  in  the 
case.  The  revolution  may  be  a  revelation  to  this  people.  This  is 
a  peculiar  business.  Come  to  see  us  at  your  convenience.  This 
is  a  Christian  nation.  Are  you  familiar  with  the  family?  Behold 
the  magnificence  of  this  view!  The  apostle  is  writing  a  second 
epistle.  You  may  abbreviate  your  writing.  Give  special  attention 
to  accuracy,  in  your  writing.  Are  you  ready  to  make  affidavit  to 
this?  What  is  his  allowance  per  week?  You  have  made  great  ad- 
vancement during  the  past  week. 

Advance. 

We  will  spend  a  part  of  each  day  reviewing  the  word -signs, 
and  writing  the  sentences  we  have  composed.  The  rest  of  our  time 
we  shall  devote  to  the  study  of  the  remaining  lessons  in  the  book. 
Let  us  return  now  to  Lesson  XIV,  page  26 — 7.  We  will  master 
this  lesson,  and  each  of  the  following  ones,  after  this  order:  — 

Write  each  lesson  at  least  ten  times.  Understand  all  the  rules 
and  illustrations.  Dictate  each  lesson  at  least  ten  times.  The 
members  of  the  class  may  take  turns  in  the  work  of  dictating.  We 
shall  endeavor  to  master  a  lesson  each  day.  By  so  doing  we  shall 
be  able  to  take  up  miscellaneous  dictation  soon.  Lessons  XV, 
XVI,  XVII,  XVIII,  and  XIX  are  very  complete,  both  in  instruc- 
tion and  illustrations.  I  do  not  see  any  need  of  further  instructions 
thereon. 


SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND.  131 

The  first  paragraph  of  the  following  list  of  words  employs  the 
vowel  strokes,  initially.  There  are  but  few  words  that  begin  with 
a  long  vowel  or  diphthong  sound.  The  list  given  here  will  suffice 
to  illustrate  the  uses  of  the  vowel  strokes  initially.  Of  course, 
such  strokes  must  be  written  in  First  Position.  The  Au,  Aw  stroke 
must  be  written  upward.  Prepare  your  copy  as  previously  direc- 
ted. 

Acorn.  Amiable.  Apex.  Aqua.  Area.  Auction.  Audacious. 
Audacity.  Audible.  Audience.  Audiphone.  Audit.  Augment. 
Augury.  August.  Auspice.  Auspicious.  Austere.  Austral.  Awful. 
Awkward.  Awning.  Each.  Eager.  Eagle.  Eaglet.  Ear.  Eaves. 
Eden.  Edict.  Egoism.  Egress.  Eke.  Equipoise.  Era.  Equable. 
Ibex.  Iceberg.  Icicle.  Idle.  Oakum.  Oil.  Ointment.  Oleomarga- 
rine. Omega.  Omen.  Omit.  Opacity.  Opaque.  Oolong.  Open. 
Orotund.  Our.  Outbalance.  Outbreak.  Outdoors.  Outlast.  Ova- 
tion. Oval.  Overalls.  Overcharge.  Overcome.  Overdose.  Overflow. 
Overhaul.  Oversee.  Usury.  Usurpation.  Eucharist.  Euphony. 
Eulogy.  Europe. 

Advance. 

The  initial  vowel  is  short,  in  the  great  majority  of  words  that 
begin  with  a  vowel  sound.  Therefore,  a  large  part  of  the  words 
commencing  with  a  vowel  are  written  in  Third  Position.  Lesson 
XIX  teaches  that  our  initial  vowel  strokes  may  be  modified  by  an 
initial  M  and  N  hook;  that,  when  so  modified,  the  initial  vowel  may 
be  either  long  or  short.  Where  the  initial  vowel  is  followed  by 
sound  of  N,  however,  the  vowel  is  generally  short.  A  large  por- 
tion of  the  words  that  begin  with  A,  and  with  E,  commence  with 
the  syllables  an,  am,  an-,  am-,  en,  em,  en-,  em-.  Almost  all  the 
words  that  begin  with  I  and  with  U  have  in,  in-,  im,  im~;  un, 
un-,  um,  urn-  for  their  initial  syllable.  The  sound  of  R,  also,  fol- 
lows the  initial  vowel,  in  a  large  number  of  words.  Therefore,  the 
initial  N  and  M  hooks,  and  the  shading  of  the  initial  vowel  stroke, 
must  be  employed  very  frequently,  and  it  is  of  the  utmost  import- 
ance that  the  student  be  thoroughly  drilled  in  the  uses  of  the  same. 
It  is  better,  generally,  to  employ  the  initial  M  and  N  hooks  than 
to  write  the  initial  M  and  N  strokes  in  Third  Position.  This  is 
especially  true  of  the  strokes  E,  I,  U,  and  Au. 

The  strokes  M  and  N  should  be  written  in  Third  Position, 
however,  where  they  join  better  with  the  stroke  following;  or,  the 
vowel  strokes,  with  final  N  hook,  may  be  used. 

The  following  list  of  words  employ  initial  vowel  strokes,  mo- 
dified by  initial  M  and  N  hooks.  Be  sure  to  lengthen  the  strokes 
where  a  second  vowel  sound  immediately  follows  the  initial  syllable. 


132  SCIENTIFIC    SHORTHAND. 

Generally,  it  is  best  to  write  the  initial  syllables  am,  am-,  an,  an-, 
in  Third  Position.  Prepare  your  work  as  previously  directed. 

Emanate.  Embalm.  Embarkation.  Embassy  Ember.  Emblem. 
Embolden.  Embosom.  Embrace.  Embroider.  Embroil.  Embryo. 
Emigrant.  Empale.  Emphasize.  Employ.  Empress.  Empty.  Emu- 
lative. Enable.  Enamel.  Enchant.  Enchase.  Encompass.  Enclose. 
Encradle.  Endear.  Endure.  Enfeeble.  Enfold.  Engender.  Engineer. 
Engrain.  Engrave.  Engross.  Enhance.  Enjoin.  Enjoy.  Enlist. 
Enliven.  Enmity.  Entail.  Enterprise.  Entertain.  Environ.  Envoy. 

Image.  Imagine.  Imbalm.  Imbark.  Imbibe.  Imbitter.  Imbo- 
som.  Imbue.  Imitate.  Immaculate.  Immaterial.  Immature.  Im- 
merge.  Immigrant.  Imminence.  Immodest.  Immunity.  Impale. 
Impassable.  Impatient.  Impeach.  Impecunious.  Impediment. 
Imperial.  Imperious.  Impetus.  Impious.  Implant.  Implement. 
Implore.  Impolitic.  Importation.  Impose.  Impossible.  Impotent. 
Impress.  Impromptu.  Improve.  Imprudence.  Impulse.  Impute. 
Inability.  Inaccuracy.  Inaction.  Inactive.  Inadequate.  Inadmis- 
sible. Inattention.  Inaudible.  Inaugurate.  Inauspicious.  Incanta- 
tion. Incapable.  Inclemency.  Inclination.  Inclusive.  Incompar- 
able. Incomplete.  Incongruity.  Inconsistent.  Inconvenient.  In- 
corporate. Incorrupt.  Increase.  Incredible.  Incrust.  Incubate. 
Incumbency.  Incur.  Incursion.  Indecorous.  Indemnify.  Index. 
Indicative.  Indigenous.  Indigent.  Indirect.  Indispose.  Indisposi- 
tion. Indolence.  Infant.  Infect.  Infelicitous.  Inferior.  Infernal. 
Infidel.  Infinitive.  Inflame.  Inform.  Infranchise.  Infuriate.  Infuse. 
Inglorious.  Ingrate.  Inhale.  Inhibit.  Initial.  Inject.  Injustice. 
Inland.  Inlist.  Inmost.  Inofficious.  Inosculate.  Intense.  Intention. 
Intimacy.  Intolerable.  Intone.  Intrepid.  Introduce.  Intrusion. 
Intrust.  Intuition.  Invade.  Invalidate.  Invasion.  Invent.  Invert. 
Invest.  Invidious.  Inviolate.  Inward. 

Umber.  Umbrage.  Umbrella.  Umbrage.  Unclasp.  Unclean. 
Uncouth.  Uncreated.  Unconscious.  Uncover.  Undeceive.  Undeni- 
able. Undress.  Unduly.  Uneasy.  Unequal.  Uneven.  Unfair.  Unfit. 

Advance. 

Lesson  XIX  teaches  that  the  vowel  strokes  may  be  shaded  to 
add  the  sound  of  R.  Words  beginning  with  ar,  er,  ir,  or,  ur,  aur, 
generally,  should  employ  the  shaded  vowel  strokes.  The  vowel 
strokes  are  lengthened  to  show  a  second  vowel  sound  immediately 
after  R.  The  Au  stroke  cannot  well  be  shaded,  and  we  may  better 
employ  the  shaded  O  stroke  to  express  the  sound  of  aur,  as  heard 
in  aureole,  auricular,  auriform,  aurist,  aurora,  etc.  The  initial 
syllables  ar  before  K  and  G;  and  ur,  ear,  er  before  P  and  B  can 
be  expressed  best  by  downward  R  stroke,  in  Third  Position. 


UNIVERSITY  01 

AT 

LOS  ANGELES 
LIBRARY 


UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 

Los  Angeles 
This  book  is  DUE  on  the  last  date  stamped  below. 


Form  L9-25m-9,'47(A5618)444 


1900   Scientific 
shorthand^ 


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H.  0. 

LAV/ 

DALLAS, 


